Functions are means of abstraction, the third element in learning a new language.
In the previous chapters, you have seen Vimscript native functions (len(), filter(), map(), etc.) and custom functions in action. In this chapter, you will go deeper to learn how functions work.
At the core, a Vimscript function has the following syntax:
function {FunctionName}()
{do-something}
endfunction
A function definition must start with a capital letter. It starts with the function keyword and ends with endfunction. Below is a valid function:
function! Tasty()
echo "Tasty"
endfunction
The following is not a valid function because it does not start with a capital letter.
function tasty()
echo "Tasty"
endfunction
If you prepend a function with the script variable (s:), you can use it with a lower case. function s:tasty() is a valid name. The reason why Vim requires you to use an uppercase name is to prevent confusion with Vim's built-in functions (all lowercase).
A function name cannot start with a number. 1Tasty() is not a valid function name, but Tasty1() is. A function also cannot contain non-alphanumeric characters besides _. Tasty-food(), Tasty&food(), and Tasty.food() are not valid function names. Tasty_food() is.
If you define two functions with the same name, Vim will throw an error complaining that the function Tasty already exists. To overwrite the previous function with the same name, add a ! after the function keyword.
function! Tasty()
echo "Tasty"
endfunction
To see all the built-in and custom functions in Vim, you can run :function command. To look at the content of the Tasty function, you can run :function Tasty.
You can also search for functions with pattern with :function /pattern, similar to Vim's search navigation (/pattern). To search for all function containing the phrase "map", run :function /map. If you use external plugins, Vim will display the functions defined in those plugins.
If you want to look at where a function originates, you can use the :verbose command with the :function command. To look at where all the functions containing the word "map" are originated, run:
:verbose function /map
When I ran it, I got a number of results. This one tells me that the function fzf#vim#maps autoload function (to recap, refer to Ch. 23) is written inside ~/.vim/plugged/fzf.vim/autoload/fzf/vim.vim file, on line 1263. This is useful for debugging.
function fzf#vim#maps(mode, ...)
Last set from ~/.vim/plugged/fzf.vim/autoload/fzf/vim.vim line 1263
To remove an existing function, use :delfunction {Function_name}. To delete Tasty, run :delfunction Tasty.
For a function to return a value, you need to pass it an explicit return value. Otherwise, Vim automatically returns an implicit value of 0.
function! Tasty()
echo "Tasty"
endfunction
An empty return is also equivalent to a 0 value.
function! Tasty()
echo "Tasty"
return
endfunction
If you run :echo Tasty() using the function above, after Vim displays "Tasty", it returns 0, the implicit return value. To make Tasty() to return "Tasty" value, you can do this:
function! Tasty()
return "Tasty"
endfunction
Now when you run :echo Tasty(), it returns "Tasty" string.
You can use a function inside an expression. Vim will use the return value of that function. The expression :echo Tasty() . " Food!" outputs "Tasty Food!"
To pass a formal argument food to your Tasty function, you can do this:
function! Tasty(food)
return "Tasty " . a:food
endfunction
echo Tasty("pastry")
" returns "Tasty pastry"
a: is one of the variable scopes mentioned in the last chapter. It is the formal parameter variable. It is Vim's way to get a formal parameter value in a function. Without it, Vim will throw an error:
function! Tasty(food)
return "Tasty " . food
endfunction
echo Tasty("pasta")
" returns "undefined variable name" error
Let's address the other variable you didn't learn on the previous chapter: the function local variable (l:).
When writing a function, you can define a variable inside:
function! Yummy()
let location = "tummy"
return "Yummy in my " . location
endfunction
echo Yummy()
" returns "Yummy in my tummy"
In this context, the variable location is the same as l:location. When you define a variable in a function, that variable is local to that function. When a user sees location, it could easily be mistaken as a global variable. I prefer to be more verbose than not, so I prefer to put l: to indicate that this is a function variable.
Another reason to use l:count is that Vim has special variables with aliases that look like regular variables. v:count is one example. It has an alias of count. In Vim, calling count is the same as calling v:count. It is easy to accidentally call one of those special variables.
function! Calories()
let count = "count"
return "I do not " . count . " my calories"
endfunction
echo Calories()
" throws an error
The execution above throws an error because let count = "Count" implicitly attempts to redefine Vim's special variable v:count. Recall that special variables (v:) are read-only. You cannot mutate it. To fix it, use l:count:
function! Calories()
let l:count = "count"
return "I do not " . l:count . " my calories"
endfunction
echo Calories()
" returns "I do not count my calories"
Vim has a :call command to call a function.
function! Tasty(food)
return "Tasty " . a:food
endfunction
call Tasty("gravy")
The call command does not output the return value. Let's call it with echo.
echo call Tasty("gravy")
Woops, you get an error. The call command above is a command-line command (:call). The echo command above is also a command-line command (:echo). You cannot call a command-line command with another command-line command. Let's try a different flavor of the call command:
echo call("Tasty", ["gravy"])
" returns "Tasty gravy"
To clear any confusion, you have just used two different call commands: the :call command-line command and the call() function. The call() function accepts as its first argument the function name (string) and its second argument the formal parameters (list).
To learn more about :call and call(), check out :h call() and :h :call.
You can provide a function parameter with a default value with =. If you call Breakfast with only one argument, the beverage argument will use the "milk" default value.
function! Breakfast(meal, beverage = "Milk")
return "I had " . a:meal . " and " . a:beverage . " for breakfast"
endfunction
echo Breakfast("Hash Browns")
" returns I had hash browns and milk for breakfast
echo Breakfast("Cereal", "Orange Juice")
" returns I had Cereal and Orange Juice for breakfast
You can pass a variable argument with three-dots (...). Variable argument is useful when you don't know how many variables a user will give.
Suppose you are creating an all-you-can-eat buffet (you'll never know how much food your customer will eat):
function! Buffet(...)
return a:1
endfunction
If you run echo Buffet("Noodles"), it will output "Noodles". Vim uses a:1 to print the first argument passed to ..., up to 20 (a:1 is the first argument, a:2 is the second argument, etc). If you run echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi"), it will still display just "Noodles", let's update it:
function! Buffet(...)
return a:1 . " " . a:2
endfunction
echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi")
" returns "Noodles Sushi"
The problem with this approach is if you now run echo Buffet("Noodles") (with only one variable), Vim complains that it has an undefined variable a:2. How can you make it flexible enough to display exactly what the user gives?
Luckily, Vim has a special variable a:0 to display the number of the arguments passed into ....
function! Buffet(...)
return a:0
endfunction
echo Buffet("Noodles")
" returns 1
echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi")
" returns 2
echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi", "Ice cream", "Tofu", "Mochi")
" returns 5
With this, you can iterate using the length of the argument.
function! Buffet(...)
let l:food_counter = 1
let l:foods = ""
while l:food_counter <= a:0
let l:foods .= a:{l:food_counter} . " "
let l:food_counter += 1
endwhile
return l:foods
endfunction
The curly braces a:{l:food_counter} is a string interpolation, it uses the value of food_counter counter to call the formal parameter arguments a:1, a:2, a:3, etc.
echo Buffet("Noodles")
" returns "Noodles"
echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi", "Ice cream", "Tofu", "Mochi")
" returns everything you passed: "Noodles Sushi Ice cream Tofu Mochi"
The variable argument has one more special variable: a:000. It has the value of all variable arguments in a list format.
function! Buffet(...)
return a:000
endfunction
echo Buffet("Noodles")
" returns ["Noodles"]
echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi", "Ice cream", "Tofu", "Mochi")
" returns ["Noodles", "Sushi", "Ice cream", "Tofu", "Mochi"]
Let's refactor the function to use a for loop:
function! Buffet(...)
let l:foods = ""
for food_item in a:000
let l:foods .= food_item . " "
endfor
return l:foods
endfunction
echo Buffet("Noodles", "Sushi", "Ice cream", "Tofu", "Mochi")
" returns Noodles Sushi Ice cream Tofu Mochi
You can define a ranged Vimscript function by adding a range keyword at the end of the function definition. A ranged function has two special variables available: a:firstline and a:lastline.
function! Breakfast() range
echo a:firstline
echo a:lastline
endfunction
If you are on line 100 and you run call Breakfast(), it will display 100 for both firstline and lastline. If you visually highlight (v, V, or Ctrl-V) lines 101 to 105 and run call Breakfast(), firstline displays 101 and lastline displays 105. firstline and lastline displays the minimum and maximum range where the function is called.
You can also use :call and passing it a range. If you run :11,20call Breakfast(), it will display 11 for firstline and 20 for lastline.
You might ask, "That's nice that Vimscript function accepts range, but can't I get the line number with line(".")? Won't it do the same thing?"
Good question. If this is what you mean:
function! Breakfast()
echo line(".")
endfunction
Calling :11,20call Breakfast() executes the Breakfast function 10 times (one for each line in the range). Compare that if you had passed the range argument:
function! Breakfast() range
echo line(".")
endfunction
Calling 11,20call Breakfast() executes the Breakfast function once.
If you pass a range keyword and you pass a numerical range (like 11,20) on call, Vim only executes that function once. If you don't pass a range keyword and you pass a numerical range (like 11,20) on call, Vim executes that function N times depending on the range (in this case, N = 10).
You can add a function as a dictionary item by adding a dict keyword when defining a function.
If you have a function SecondBreakfast that returns whatever breakfast item you have:
function! SecondBreakfast() dict
return self.breakfast
endfunction
Let's add this function to the meals dictionary:
let meals = {"breakfast": "pancakes", "second_breakfast": function("SecondBreakfast"), "lunch": "pasta"}
echo meals.second_breakfast()
" returns "pancakes"
With dict keyword, the key variable self refers to the dictionary where the function is stored (in this case, the meals dictionary). The expression self.breakfast is equal to meals.breakfast.
An alternative way to add a function into a dictionary object to use a namespace.
function! meals.second_lunch()
return self.lunch
endfunction
echo meals.second_lunch()
" returns "pasta"
With namespace, you do not have to use the dict keyword.
A funcref is a reference to a function. It is one of Vimscript's basic data types mentioned in Ch. 24.
The expression function("SecondBreakfast") above is an example of funcref. Vim has a built-in function function() that returns a funcref when you pass it a function name (string).
function! Breakfast(item)
return "I am having " . a:item . " for breakfast"
endfunction
let Breakfastify = Breakfast
" returns error
let Breakfastify = function("Breakfast")
echo Breakfastify("oatmeal")
" returns "I am having oatmeal for breakfast"
echo Breakfastify("pancake")
" returns "I am having pancake for breakfast"
In Vim, if you want to assign a function to a variable, you can't just run assign it directly like let MyVar = MyFunc. You need to use the function() function, like let MyVar = function("MyFunc").
You can use funcref with maps and filters. Note that maps and filters will pass an index as the first argument and the iterated value as the second argument.
function! Breakfast(index, item)
return "I am having " . a:item . " for breakfast"
endfunction
let breakfast_items = ["pancakes", "hash browns", "waffles"]
let first_meals = map(breakfast_items, function("Breakfast"))
for meal in first_meals
echo meal
endfor
A better way to use functions in maps and filters is to use lambda expression (sometimes known as unnamed function). For example:
let Plus = {x,y -> x + y}
echo Plus(1,2)
" returns 3
let Tasty = { -> 'tasty'}
echo Tasty()
" returns "tasty"
You can call a function from insisde a lambda expression:
function! Lunch(item)
return "I am having " . a:item . " for lunch"
endfunction
let lunch_items = ["sushi", "ramen", "sashimi"]
let day_meals = map(lunch_items, {index, item -> Lunch(item)})
for meal in day_meals
echo meal
endfor
If you don't want to call the function from inside lambda, you can refactor it:
let day_meals = map(lunch_items, {index, item -> "I am having " . item . " for lunch"})
You can chain several Vimscript functions and lambda expressions sequentially with ->. Keep in mind that -> must be followed by a method name without space.
Source->Method1()->Method2()->...->MethodN()
To convert a float to a number using method chaining:
echo 3.14->float2nr()
" returns 3
Let's do a more complicated example. Suppose that you need to capitalize the first letter of each item on a list, then sort the list, then join the list to form a string.
function! Capitalizer(word)
return substitute(a:word, "\^\.", "\\u&", "g")
endfunction
function! CapitalizeList(word_list)
return map(a:word_list, {index, word -> Capitalizer(word)})
endfunction
let dinner_items = ["bruschetta", "antipasto", "calzone"]
echo dinner_items->CapitalizeList()->sort()->join(", ")
" returns "Antipasto, Bruschetta, Calzone"
With method chaining, the sequence is more easily read and understood. I can just glance at dinner_items->CapitalizeList()->sort()->join(", ") and know exactly what is going on.
When you define a variable inside a function, that variable exists within that function boundaries. This is called a lexical scope.
function! Lunch()
let appetizer = "shrimp"
function! SecondLunch()
return appetizer
endfunction
return funcref("SecondLunch")
endfunction
appetizer is defined inside the Lunch function, which returns SecondLunch funcref. Notice that SecondLunch uses the appetizer, but in Vimscript, it doesn't have access to that variable. If you try to run echo Lunch()(), Vim will throw an undefined variable error.
To fix this issue, use the closure keyword. Let's refactor:
function! Lunch()
let appetizer = "shrimp"
function! SecondLunch() closure
return appetizer
endfunction
return funcref("SecondLunch")
endfunction
Now if you run echo Lunch()(), Vim will return "shrimp".
In this chapter, you learned the anatomy of Vim function. You learned how to use different special keywords range, dict, and closure to modify function behavior. You also learned how to use lambda and to chain multiple functions together. Functions are important tools for creating complex abstractions.
Next, let's put everything that you have learned together to make your own plugin.