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<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<title>Coda.Br: Reverse Engineering Uber Wait Times</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/reveal.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/theme/custom.css">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighting of code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/css/zenburn.css">
<!-- Printing and PDF exports -->
<script>
var link = document.createElement( 'link' );
link.rel = 'stylesheet';
link.type = 'text/css';
link.href = window.location.search.match( /print-pdf/gi ) ? 'css/print/pdf.css' : 'css/print/paper.css';
document.getElementsByTagName( 'head' )[0].appendChild( link );
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</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section data-background-image="img/clouds3-rotated.png">
<a href="http://coda.escoladedados.org" target="_blank">
<!-- <img src="img/logo-coda-horizontal.png" style="width: 30%; height: 30%; opacity:0.7; margin-right: 1em"/> -->
<img src="img/logo-coda-horizontal.png" style="width: 20%; height: 20%; opacity:1; margin-left: -50rem"/>
</a>
<h1 class='titlepage'>Thinking About Algorithmic Transparency</h1>
<!-- <br> -->
<h3 class='titlepage'>Jennifer A. Stark, Ph.D.</h3>
<h3 class='titlepage'>Nicolas Diakopoulos, Ph.D.</h3>
</section>
<section>
<!-- <section>
<h1>Transparency & accountability</h1>
</section> -->
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Why Investigate?</h3>
•
•
•
<li class="fragment fade-up">Black-Box Decisions</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">No Recourse</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Blind Acceptance, "Not our fault"</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Ethics???</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">What are Engineers told? What information are they given?</li>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Potential Findings</h3>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Find algorithm/organisation at fault</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Find algorithm reveals embedded societal disparities</li>
<p class="fragment fade-up">Typically the two are tightly related</p>
<p class="fragment fade-up">Difficult to identify a solution</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
"Because with Uber there is <span class="highlight-2">no destination discrimination </span>— no refusals based on what you look like or where you live."
– <a href="https://medium.com/uber-under-the-hood/uber-s-impact-on-minority-communities-4cc7f5072a47"><em>Uber Under the Hood, Medium</em></a>
</section>
<!-- <section>
<h1>Reverse Engineer</h1>
“ … <span class="highlight-2">reproducing</span> anything based on the extracted information.”
– Wikipedia [en]
</section>
<section>
<p>Reverse Engineering Uber service quality:</p>
<p>"wait times"</p>
</section> -->
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Dataset #1:</h3>
<p>– Via Uber's Developer API late 2016</p>
<li>Average UberX estimated wait times
<ul>
<li>Overall</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">During surge only</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">During non-surge</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Just before surge (trigger)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Percent time spent surging (Proportion)</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Average Surge price multiplier per census tract</li>
</section>
<!-- <section>
<li>Proportion: How <span class="highlight-2">unstable</span> an area is. How likely to surge it is. Attractive to drivers.</li>
<li>Surge Multiplier: <span class="highlight-2">Degree</span> of supply/demand imbalance.</li>
</section> -->
<section>
<h3 class='title'>UberX Overall Average Wait Times</h3>
<div><img src="img/mean_expected_waitTime_zscore.png" style="width: 50%; height:50%"/></div>
</section>
<section data-background-image="img/surgetriggers_heatmatp.png" data-background-size="contain">
</section>
<section>
<p>What information can we gather to reproduce wait times across D.C.?</p>
</section>
<section>
<p>Information to Explore - Census</p>
<li class="fragment highlight-blue">Population => density</li>
<li>Poverty => %</li>
<li>Median Household Income</li>
<li class="fragment highlight-red">Race / Ethnicity => dichotomised to % POC</li>
<p>Run multiple regression analysis.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>“Cycles, Systems, & Loops”</h3>
</section>
<section data-background-image="img/Uber_misalignedIncentives1.png" data-background-size="contain">
</section>
<!-- <section data-background-video="img/Uber-effects.mp4" data-background-size="contain">
</section>
<section data-background-video="img/Rider-effects.mp4" data-background-size="contain">
</section>
<section data-background-video="img/Driver-effects.mp4" data-background-size="contain">
</section> -->
<section>
<p>Additional Information:</p>
<li>Transient Population (where people go)
<ul>
<li>Proxy: Non-violent Crime => 5yrs, density</li>
<li>Proxy: Google Places API => density</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment highlight-grey">Unbanked (no credit card = barrier for Uber App)</li>
<li class="fragment highlight-red">Demand (Proxy: Taxi data)</li>
<li>Risk - Proxy: Violent Crime => 5yrs, density</li>
<li class="fragment highlight-grey">Spatial Regression - spatial adjacency</li>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Results!</h3>
</section>
<section data-background-image="img/Uber_Paper_Thinking.png" data-background-size="contain">
</section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Interpretation</h3>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Wait times reflect questionable ethics (bad Uber!?)</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up"> - Ineffective control of drivers</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Wait times reveal disadvantaged communities (bad Government!?)</li>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Journalistic Outcomes</h3>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Uber policy? – Change algorithm? Change driver-incentives? Make data available?</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Government policy? – Ban Uber? Regulate Uber? Invest in those communities so they can participate in the technological future</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Public attitude? – informed decisions</li>
</section>
</section>
<!-- <section>
<h3 class='title'>Tools - free when possible</h3>
<li>Uber API (lots of keys - check rate limit)</li>
<li>QGIS (free ArcGIS)</li>
<li>Python (Jupyter notebook, Pandas, Statsmodels, Matplotlib, ...)</li>
<li>git, GitHub</li>
<li>CARTO</li>
<li>FOIA (sometimes free)
<li>Amazon Web Services (not free)</li>
</section> -->
<section>
<section class="newspapers" data-background-image="img/world-newspapers2.png">
<h1 class="newspapers">What about us?</h1>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Why?</h3>
•
•
•
<li class="fragment fade-up">Black-Box Decisions</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">No Recourse</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Blind Acceptance</li>
<li class="fragment fade-up">Ethics?</li>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>And also …</h3>
<li>Encourage better documentation and code commenting (good for future you and colleagues)</li>
<li>Build trust with readers</li>
<li>Educational</li>
<li>Catalyse new projects</li>
</section>
<section data-background-iframe="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/science-isnt-broken/#part1" data-background-interactive>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class='title'>Transparency - my <a target="_blank" href="https://jastark.github.io/Coda-Br_Workshop2017Slides/">open DDJ Guide</a> using GitHub</h3>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<a href="http://coda.escoladedados.org" target="_blank">
<!-- <img src="img/logo-coda-horizontal.png" style="width: 30%; height: 30%; opacity:0.7; margin-right: 1em"/> -->
<img src="img/logo-coda-horizontal.png" style="width: 20%; height: 20%; opacity:1; margin-left: -50rem"/>
</a>
<h3 class="title">Thank you!</h3>
<p class="thankyou"><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/_JAStark">@_JAStark</a></p>
<p class="thankyou">[email protected]</p>
<p class="title">Template for DDJ Transparency using GitHub:</p>
<!-- <p class="thankyou"><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JAStark/Coda-Br_Workshop2017">
https://github.com/JAStark/Coda-Br_Workshop2017</a></p> -->
<p class="thankyou"><a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JAStark/cookiecutter-data-driven-journalism">
https://github.com/JAStark/cookiecutter-data-driven-journalism</a></p>
<a href="https://merrill.umd.edu" target="_blank"><img src='img/merrill.jpg' style="width: 10%; height: 10%; opacity:0.7; margin-right: 1em"/></a>
<a href="http://towcenter.org" target="_blank"><img src='img/logo.jpg' style="width: 10%; height: 10%; opacity:0.7; margin-right: 1em"/></a>
</section>
</div>
</div>
<script src="lib/js/head.min.js"></script>
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