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<h1>Brown bear</h1>
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<p>
This article is about the animal. For the athletics teams at Brown University, see Brown Bears. For the research
ship,
see MV Brown Bear.
</p>
<p>
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America.[1][3] In North
America,
the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of
Alaska
is known as the Kodiak bear. It is one of the largest living terrestrial members of the order Carnivora, rivaled
in size
only by its closest relative, the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), which is much less variable in size and slightly
bigger
on average.[4][5][6][7][8] The brown bear's range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, the Himalayas, China,
Canada,
the United States, Hokkaido, Scandinavia, Finland, the Balkans, the Picos de Europa and the Carpathian region
(especially Romania), Iran, Anatolia, and the Caucasus.[1][9] The brown bear is recognized as a national and state
animal in several European countries.[10]
</p>
<p>While the brown bear's range has shrunk, and it has faced local extinctions across its wide range, it remains
listed
as
a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with a total estimated
population
in 2017 of 110,000. As of 2012, this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as
threatened
by the IUCN, though the large sizes of both bears may be a disadvantage due to increased competition with
humans.[1][3][7] Populations that were hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries are the Atlas bear of
North
Africa and the Californian, Ungavan[11][12] and Mexican populations of the grizzly bear of North America. Many of
the
populations in the southern parts of Eurasia are highly endangered as well.[1][13] One of the smaller-bodied
forms,
the
Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered, occupying only 2% of its former range and threatened by
uncontrolled
poaching for its body parts.[14] The Marsican brown bear of central Italy is one of several currently isolated
populations of the Eurasian brown bear and is believed to have a population of just 50 to 60 bears.[10][15]</p>
<h2>Evolution and taxonomy</h2>
<p>The brown bear is sometimes referred to as the bruin, from Middle English. This name originated in the fable History of
Reynard the Fox translated by William Caxton from Middle Dutch bruun or bruyn, meaning brown (the color).[16][17] In the
mid-19th century United States, the brown bear was termed "Old Ephraim" and sometimes as "Moccasin Joe".[18]</p>
<p>The scientific name of the brown bear, Ursus arctos, comes from the Latin ursus, meaning "bear",[19] and from ἄρκτος
arktos, the Greek word for bear.[20]</p>
<h3>Generalized names and evolution</h3>
<p>Brown bears are thought to have evolved from Ursus etruscus in Asia.[21][22] The brown bear, per Kurten (1976), has been
stated as "clearly derived from the Asian population of Ursus savini about 800,000 years ago; spread into Europe, to the
New World."[23] A genetic analysis indicated that the brown bear lineage diverged from the cave bear species complex
approximately 1.2–1.4 million years ago, but did not clarify if U. savini persisted as a paraspecies for the brown bear
before perishing.[24] The oldest fossils positively identified as from this species occur in China from about 0.5
million years ago. Brown bears entered Europe about 250,000 years ago and North Africa shortly after.[21][25] Brown bear
remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, where it is thought they might have outcompeted
cave bears (Ursus spelaeus). The species entered Alaska 100,000 years ago, though they did not move south until 13,000
years ago.[21] It is speculated that brown bears were unable to migrate south until the extinction of the much larger
giant short-faced bear (Arctodus simus).[26][27]</p>
<p>Several paleontologists suggest the possibility of two separate brown bear migrations: inland brown bears, also known as
grizzlies, are thought to stem from narrow-skulled bears which migrated from northern Siberia to central Alaska and the
rest of the continent, while Kodiak bears descend from broad-skulled bears from Kamchatka, which colonized the Alaskan
peninsula. Brown bear fossils discovered in Ontario, Ohio, Kentucky and Labrador show that the species occurred farther
east than indicated in historic records.[21] In North America, two types of the subspecies Ursus arctos horribilis are
generally recognized—the coastal brown bear and the inland grizzly bear; these two types broadly define the range of
sizes of all brown bear subspecies.[13]</p>
<h3>Scientific taxonomy</h3>
<a href="#" class="see-also">Main article: Subspecies of brown bear</a>
<figure>
<img src="https://picsum.photos/300/300" alt="placeholder for bear pic">
<figcaption>Adult female Eurasian brown bear, the nominate subspecies</figcaption>
</figure>
<p>There are many methods used by scientists to define bear species and subspecies, as no one method is always effective.
Brown bear taxonomy and subspecies classification has been described as "formidable and confusing," with few authorities
listing the same specific set of subspecies.[28] Genetic testing is now perhaps the most important way to scientifically
define brown bear relationships and names. Generally, genetic testing uses the word clade rather than species because a
genetic test alone cannot define a biological species. Most genetic studies report on how closely related the bears are
(or their genetic distance). There are hundreds of obsolete brown bear subspecies, each with its own name, and this can
become confusing; Hall (1981) lists 86 different types, and even as many as 90 have been proposed.[29][30] However,
recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five main clades which contain all extant brown bears,[31][32] while a 2017
phylogenetic study revealed nine clades, including one representing polar bears.[33] As of 2005, 15 extant or recently
extinct subspecies were recognized by the general scientific community.[34][35]</p>
<p>As well as the exact number of overall brown bear subspecies, its precise relationship to the polar bear also remains in
debate. The polar bear is a recent offshoot of the brown bear. The point at which the polar bear diverged from the brown
bear is unclear, with estimations based on genetics and fossils ranging from 400,000 to 70,000 years ago, but most
recent analysis has indicated that the polar bear split somewhere between 275,000 and 150,000 years ago.[36] Under some
definitions, the brown bear can be construed as the paraspecies for the polar bear.[37][38][39][40]</p>
<p>DNA analysis shows that, apart from recent human-caused population fragmentation,[41] brown bears in North America are
generally part of a single interconnected population system, with the exception of the population (or subspecies) in the
Kodiak Archipelago, which has probably been isolated since the end of the last Ice Age.[42][43] These data demonstrate
that U. a. gyas, U. a. horribilis, U. a. sitkensis and U. a. stikeenensis are not distinct or cohesive groups, and would
more accurately be described as ecotypes. For example, brown bears in any particular region of the Alaska coast are more
closely related to adjacent grizzly bears than to distant populations of brown bears,[44] the morphological distinction
seemingly driven by brown bears having access to a rich salmon food source, while grizzly bears live at higher
elevation, or further from the coast, where plant material is the base of the diet. The history of the bears of the
Alexander Archipelago is unusual in that these island populations carry polar bear DNA, presumably originating from a
population of polar bears that was left behind at the end of the Pleistocene, but have since been connected with
adjacent mainland populations through movement of males, to the point where their nuclear genomes are now more than 90%
of brown bear ancestry.[45]</p>
<p>Brown bears are apparently divided into five different clades, some of which coexist or co-occur in different
regions.[3]</p>
<h3>Hybrids</h3>
<a href="#" class="see-also">See also: Grizzly–black bear hybrid and Grizzly–polar bear hybrid</a>
<p>A grizzly–polar bear hybrid (known either as a pizzly bear or a grolar bear) is a rare ursid hybrid resulting from a
crossbreeding of a brown bear and a polar bear. It has occurred both in captivity and in the wild. In 2006, the
occurrence of this hybrid in nature was confirmed by testing the DNA of a strange-looking bear that had been shot in the
Canadian Arctic, and seven more hybrids have since been confirmed in the same region, all descended from a single female
polar bear.[46] Previously, the hybrid had been produced in zoos and was considered a "cryptid" (a hypothesized animal
for which there is no scientific proof of existence in the wild).</p>
<p>Analyses of the genomes of bears have shown that introgression between species was widespread during the evolution of
the genus Ursus,[47][48][49] including the introgression of polar bear DNA introduced to brown bears during the
Pleistocene.</p>
<p>A bear shot in autumn 1986 in Michigan, US, was thought by some to be a grizzly/American black bear hybrid, due to its
unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull. DNA testing was unable to determine whether it
was a large American black bear or a grizzly bear.[50]</p>
<section>
<h3>Scientific classification</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Kingdom:</dt>
<dd>Animalia</dd>
<dt>Phylum:</dt>
<dd>Chordata</dd>
<dt>Class:</dt>
<dd>Mammalia</dd>
<dt>Order:</dt>
<dd>Carnivora</dd>
<dt>Family:</dt>
<dd>Ursidae</dd>
<dt>Genus:</dt>
<dd>Ursus</dd>
<dt>Species:</dt>
<dd>U. arctos</dd>
</dl>
<dl class="defn-section">
<dt class="heading-term">Binomial name</dt>
<dd>
<samp>Ursus arctos</samp>
<cite>Linnaeus, 1758</cite>
</dd>
<dt class="heading-term">Subspecies</dt>
<dd>15, see text and article</dd>
</dl>
</section>
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