-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
linux
439 lines (309 loc) · 13.5 KB
/
linux
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
# **LINUX**
## **LINUX COMMANDS**
1. ls: A command for listing the contents of a directory.
**Example usage**: ls /home/user
2. cd: A command for changing the current working directory.
**Example usage**: cd /home/user/Documents
3. pwd: A command for printing the current working directory.
**Example usage:** pwd
4. mkdir: A command for creating a new directory.
**Example usage**: mkdir new_directory
5. rm: A command for deleting files and directories.
**Example usage**: rm file.txt
6. cp: A command for copying files and directories.
**Example usage:** cp file.txt /home/user/Documents
7. mv: A command for moving or renaming files and directories.
**Example usage:** mv file.txt new_name.txt
8. cat: A command for displaying the contents of a file.
**Example usage**: cat file.txt
9. less: A command for displaying the contents of a file in a scrollable view.
**Example usage**: less file.txt
10. head: A command for displaying the first lines of a file.
**Example usage**: head file.txt
11. tail: A command for displaying the last lines of a file.
**Example usage**: tail file.txt
12. grep: A command for searching for a specific pattern in a file.
**Example usage**: grep pattern file.txt
13. find: A command for searching for files or directories.
**Example usage**: find /home/user -name file.txt
14. chmod: A command for changing the permissions of a file or directory.
**Example usage**: chmod 755 file.txt
15. chown: A command for changing the owner of a file or directory.
**Example usage**: chown user:group file.txt
16. ssh: A command for connecting to a remote host over SSH.
**Example usage**: ssh user@host
17. scp: A command for copying files between local and remote hosts over SSH.
**Example usage:** scp file.txt user@host:/path/to/destination
18. tar: A command for creating and manipulating archive files.
**Example usage**: tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2
19. gzip: A command for compressing and decompressing files.
**Example usage**: gzip file.txt
20. top: A command for monitoring system processes and resource usage.
Example usage: top
21. ps: A command for displaying information about running processes.
Example usage: ps aux
22. kill: A command for terminating a process.
Example usage: kill PID
23. df: A command for displaying disk usage.
Example usage: df -h
24. du: A command for displaying the size of files and directories.
Example usage: du -sh /path/to/directory
25. apt-get: A command for managing packages on Debian-based Linux distributions.
Example usage: sudo apt-get update
26. yum: A command for managing packages on Red Hat-based Linux distributions.
Example usage: sudo yum update
27. ping: A command for testing network connectivity.
Example usage: ping google.com
28. traceroute: A command for tracing the route of network packets.
Example usage: traceroute google.com
29. ifconfig: A command for displaying and configuring network interfaces.
Example usage: ifconfig
30. ip: A command for displaying and configuring network interfaces, routes, and addresses.
Example usage: ip addr show
31. whoami: A command for displaying the current user.
Example usage: whoami
32. sudo: A command for executing a command with elevated privileges.
Example usage: sudo apt-get update
33. useradd: A command for creating a new user account.
Example usage: sudo useradd -m newuser
34. usermod: A command for modifying user account attributes.
Example usage: sudo usermod -aG sudo newuser
35. passwd: A command for changing the password of a user account.
Example usage: passwd newuser
36. history: A command for displaying the command history.
Example usage: history
37. alias: A command for creating and displaying command aliases.
Example usage: alias ll='ls -alF'
38. date: A command for displaying the current date and time.
Example usage: date
39. cal: A command for displaying a calendar.
Example usage: cal
40. who: A command for displaying the users currently logged in.
Example usage: who
41. uptime: A command for displaying the system uptime.
Example usage: uptime
42. hostname: A command for displaying the hostname of the system.
Example usage: hostname
43. df: A command for displaying disk space usage.
Example usage: df -h
44. free: A command for displaying the amount of free memory.
Example usage: free -h
45. mount: A command for mounting a file system.
Example usage: sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /mnt
46. umount: A command for unmounting a file system.
Example usage: sudo umount /mnt
47. chroot: A command for changing the root directory.
Example usage: sudo chroot /mnt
48. ln: A command for creating links between files.
Example usage: ln -s /path/to/file /path/to/link
49. lsof: A command for displaying information about open files.
Example usage: sudo lsof /path/to/file
50. ssh-keygen: A command for generating SSH keys.
Example usage: ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "user@host"
51. ssh: A command for connecting to a remote server over SSH.
Example usage: ssh user@host
52. scp: A command for securely copying files between hosts.
Example usage: scp /path/to/file user@host:/path/to/destination
53. rsync: A command for efficiently synchronizing files between hosts.
Example usage: rsync -avz /path/to/source user@host:/path/to/destination
54. ps: A command for displaying information about running processes.
Example usage: ps aux
55. top: A command for displaying information about the top CPU-consuming processes.
Example usage: top
56. kill: A command for terminating a process.
Example usage: kill 1234
57. pkill: A command for terminating a process by name.
Example usage: pkill firefox
58. jobs: A command for displaying a list of background jobs.
Example usage: jobs
59. bg: A command for running a job in the background.
Example usage: bg %1
60. fg: A command for bringing a job to the foreground.
Example usage: fg %1
61. cron: A command for scheduling jobs to run at specified intervals.
Example usage: crontab -e
62. at: A command for scheduling a job to run at a specified time.
Example usage: at now + 1 hour
63. curl: A command for transferring data from or to a server.
Example usage: curl https://example.com
64. wget: A command for downloading files from the web.
Example usage: wget https://example.com/file
65. ping: A command for testing network connectivity.
Example usage: ping 8.8.8.8
66. traceroute: A command for displaying the path packets take to a destination.
Example usage: traceroute google.com
67. route: A command for displaying and modifying the system routing table.
Example usage: sudo route add default gw 192.168.0.1
68. ifconfig: A command for displaying network interface information.
Example usage: ifconfig
69. ip: A command for displaying and modifying IP address information.
Example usage: ip addr show
70. netstat: A command for displaying network connections and statistics.
Example usage: netstat -tulpn
71. iptables: A command for configuring and managing firewall rules.
Example usage: sudo iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
72. systemctl: A command for managing system services.
Example usage: sudo systemctl status sshd
73. journalctl: A command for querying and displaying system logs.
Example usage: sudo journalctl -u sshd
74. find: A command for searching for files in a directory hierarchy.
Example usage: find /path/to/dir -name *.txt
75. grep: A command for searching for text patterns in files.
Example usage: grep 'pattern' /path/to/file
LINUX SCRIPT COMMANDS:
1. echo: A command that displays a message on the terminal.
Example usage: echo "Hello World"
2. read: A command that reads a value from the user and stores it in a variable.
Example usage: read NAME
3. if: A command that allows you to execute different commands depending on whether a condition is true or false.
Example usage:
if [ $NAME == "Alice" ]
then
echo "Hello Alice"
else
echo "Hello $NAME"
fi
4. for: A command that allows you to execute a command for each element in a list.
Example usage:
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
echo $i
done
5. while: A command that allows you to execute a command repeatedly while a condition is true.
Example usage:
while [ $i -lt 10 ]
do
echo $i
i=$((i+1))
done
6. case: A command that allows you to execute different commands depending on the value of a variable.
Example usage:
case $i in
1)
echo "One"
;;
2)
echo "Two"
;;
*)
echo "Other"
;;
Esac
7. export: A command that allows you to set an environment variable that will be available to child processes.
Example usage: export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/bin
8. source: A command that allows you to execute a script in the current shell, rather than creating a new shell.
Example usage: source script.sh
9. alias: A command that allows you to create a shortcut for a longer command.
Example usage: alias ll='ls -alF'
10. function: A command that allows you to define a function that can be called like a command.
Example usage:
function greet {
echo "Hello $1"
}
greet "Alice"
11. break: A command that allows you to exit out of a loop.
Example usage:
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
if [ $i -eq 3 ]
then
break
fi
echo $i
done
12. continue: A command that allows you to skip an iteration of a loop.
Example usage:
for i in 1 2 3 4 5
do
if [ $i -eq 3 ]
then
continue
fi
echo $i
done
13. return: A command that allows you to return a value from a function.
Example usage:
function add {
return $(($1 + $2))
}
sum=$(add 2 3)
echo $sum
14. basename: A command that allows you to get the base name of a file.
Example usage: basename /path/to/file.txt
15. dirname: A command that allows you to get the directory name of a file.
Example usage: dirname /path/to/file.txt
16. touch: A command that allows you to create a new empty file or update the modification time of an existing file.
Example usage:
touch new_file.txt
touch existing_file.txt
17. chmod: A command that allows you to change the permissions of a file.
Example usage: chmod 755 script.sh
18. chown: A command that allows you to change the owner of a file.
Example usage: chown alice:users file.txt
19. ln: A command that allows you to create a link to a file.
Example usage: ln -s /path/to/file.txt link.txt
20. sed: A command that allows you to perform text transformations on a file.
Example usage: sed 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt
21. awk: A command that allows you to extract and manipulate data from a file.
Example usage: awk '{ print $1 }' file.txt
22. grep: A command that allows you to search for a pattern in a file.
Example usage: grep 'pattern' file.txt
23. cut: A command that allows you to extract columns of text from a file.
Example usage: cut -f 1,3 -d ',' file.csv
24. sort: A command that allows you to sort the lines in a file.
Example usage: sort file.txt
25. uniq: A command that allows you to remove duplicates from a file.
Example usage: uniq file.txt
26. tee: A command that allows you to write to a file and also output to the terminal.
Example usage: echo "Hello World" | tee file.txt
27. head: A command that allows you to display the first few lines of a file.
Example usage: head file.txt
28. tail: A command that allows you to display the last few lines of a file.
Example usage: tail file.txt
29. cat: A command that allows you to concatenate files and output them to the terminal.
Example usage: cat file1.txt file2.txt
30. xargs: A command that allows you to pass the output of one command as arguments to another command.
Example usage: find . -name "*.txt" | xargs grep "pattern"
31. tr: A command that allows you to translate characters in a file.
Example usage: tr 'a-z' 'A-Z' < file.txt
32. expr: A command that allows you to perform arithmetic operations.
Example usage: expr 2 + 3
33. bc: A command that allows you to perform floating point arithmetic operations.
Example usage: echo "scale=2; 5/2" | bc
34. date: A command that allows you to display or set the system date and time.
Example usage: date
35. cal: A command that allows you to display a calendar for the current month or year.
Example usage: cal
36. bc: A command that allows you to perform floating point arithmetic operations.
Example usage: echo "scale=2; 5/2" | bc
37. cut: A command that allows you to extract columns of text from a file.
Example usage: cut -f 1,3 -d ',' file.csv
38. sort: A command that allows you to sort the lines in a file.
Example usage: sort file.txt
39. uniq: A command that allows you to remove duplicates from a file.
Example usage: uniq file.txt
40. paste: A command that allows you to merge lines from multiple files.
Example usage: paste file1.txt file2.txt
41. dirname: A command that allows you to get the directory name of a file.
Example usage: dirname /path/to/file.txt
42. basename: A command that allows you to get the base name of a file.
Example usage: basename /path/to/file.txt
43. cut: A command that allows you to extract columns of text from a file.
**Example** usage: cut -f 1,3 -d ',' file.csv
44. wc: A command that allows you to count the number of lines, words, and characters in a file.
**Example** usage: wc file.txt
45. head: A command that allows you to display the first few lines of a file.
**Example** usage: head file.txt
46. tail: A command that allows you to display the last few lines of a file.
**Example** usage: tail file.txt
47. echo: A command that allows you to display a message on the terminal.
**Example** usage: echo "Hello World"
48. sleep: A command that allows you to pause the execution of a script for a specified amount of time.
**Example** usage: sleep 5
49. read: A command that allows you to read input from the user.
Example usage:
echo "What is your name?"
read name
echo "Hello, $name!"
50. seq: A command that allows you to generate a sequence of numbers.
Example usage: seq 1 10