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  BIP: 136
  Layer: Applications
  Title: Bech32 Encoded Tx Position References
  Author: Велеслав <[email protected]>
          Jonas Schnelli <[email protected]>
          Daniel Pape <[email protected]>
  Comments-Summary: No comments yet.
  Comments-URI: https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/wiki/Comments:BIP-0136
  Status: Draft
  Type: Informational
  Created: 2017-07-09
  License: BSD-2-Clause

Table of Contents

Introduction

Abstract

This document proposes a convenient human useable format, "TxRef", as a standard way to refer to a transaction position within the Bitcoin Blockchain, and optionally a particular outpoint index within the referred transaction. The primary purpose of this format is to allow users to refer to a confirmed transaction (and optionally an outpoint index within) in a standard, reliable, and concise way.

Please note: Unlike TxID where there is strong cryptographic link between the ID and the actual transaction, TxRef only provides a weak link to a particular transaction. TxRef locates an offset within a blockchain for a transaction, that may - or may not - point to an actual transaction, which in fact may change with reorganisations. We recommend that TxRef's should be not used for positions within the blockchain having a maturity less than 100 blocks.

Copyright

This BIP is licensed under the 2-clause BSD license.

Motivation

Since the first version of Bitcoin, TxID's (Transaction Identifiers) have been a core part of the consensus protocol and have been routinely used to identify individual transactions between users.

However, for many use-cases they have practical limitations:

  • TxIDs are expensive for full nodes to lookup (requiring either a linear scan of the blockchain, or an expensive TxID index).
  • TxIDs require third-party services for SPV wallets to lookup.
  • TxIDs are very long HEX encoded values (64 characters long).
For transactions that have been embedded in the blockchain, it is possible to reference them not by their TxID, but by their location within the blockchain itself. The encoding can be made friendly for occasional human transcription. In this document, we propose a standard for doing this.

Examples

These examples are for Bitcoin Transactions.

  • Genesis Coinbase Transaction (Transaction #0 of Block #0): tx1:rqqq-qqqq-qmhu-qhp
  • Transaction #2205 of Block #466793: tx1:rjk0-uqay-zsrw-hqe

Specification

A confirmed transaction position reference, or TxRef, is a reference to a particular location within the blockchain, specified by the block height and a transaction index within the block, and optionally a outpoint index within the transaction.

Please Note: All values in this specification are encoded in little-endian format.

Transaction Position Reference Considerations

A TxRef may reference a location that doesn't exist because:

  • The specified block hasn't yet been mined. Or,
  • The transaction index is greater than the total number of transactions included within the specified block.
  • The optional outpoint index is greater than the total outpoints contained within the transaction.
Therefore, implementers must be careful not to display TxRef's to users prematurely:

  • Applications MUST NOT display TxRef's for transactions with less than 6 confirmations.
  • Application MUST show a warning for TxRef's for transactions with less than 100 confirmations.
    • This warning SHOULD state that in the case of a large reorganisation, the TxRefs Displayed may point to a different transaction, or to no transaction at all.

Encoding

TxRef uses standard Bech32[1] encoding as defined in BIP-173 and therefore consists of:

  • Human-readable Part, or "HRP", that provides namespacing. We have chosen to distinguish between Main and Test Networks:
  • Separator: "1".
  • Data Part.
Please note: other specifications, such as the Decentralized Identifiers spec, have implicitly encoded the information contained within the HRP elsewhere. In this case they may choose to not include the HRP as specified here.

To increase portability and readability additional separators SHOULD be added:

  • A Colon[2] ":" added after '1'.
  • Hyphens[3] "-" added after every 4 characters beyond the colon.
All non-bech32-alphabet characters after the bech32 code separator MUST be ignored/removed when parsing (except for terminating characters).[4]

Text Encoding of the TxRef
Bit Character Characters Value
Human Readable Part 1 – 2 2 Bitcoin Mainnet: "tx", Bitcoin Testnet: "txtest"
Separator 3 1 "1"
Colon 4 1 ":"
Data 0 – 19 5 – 8 4
Hyphen 9 1 "-"

The Data - Hyphen pattern is repeated for the entire length of data, ( a hyphen is inserted after every encoded 20 bits or 4 data characters).

Data

Depending on if an optional transaction outpoint is included, there can be 75 or 90 bits of data encoded in the string above. These bits are defined in this manner:

TxRef Binary Format for Bitcoin Mainnet and Bitcoin Testnet:
Bit Bit(s) Type Values Notes
Magic Code 0 – 4 5 Chain Namespacing Code 0x3 for Bitcoin Mainnet. 0x4 for Bitcoin Mainnet with Outpoint. 0x6 for Bitcoin Testnet. 0x7 for Bitcoin Testnet with Outpoint.
Version 5 1 For Future Use Must be 0x0
Block Height 6 – 29 24 The Block Height of the Tx Block 0 (genesis) to block 16777215 Until Year ~2328
Transaction Index 30 – 44 15 The index of the Tx inside the block Tx 0 (coinbase) to Tx position 32767 Max Tx's in block is 16665

If the magic code is 0x4 or 0x7, an optional outpoint is included in the encoding:

Optional Outpoint Index Encoding:
Bit Bit(s) Type Values Notes
Outpoint Index 45 – 59 15 The index of the Outpoint inside the Tx Outpoint 0 to Outpoint Position 32767

We include the 30-bit checksum last:

Bech32 Checksum Encoding:
Bit Bit(s) Type Values Notes
Checksum 45 – 74 or 60 – 89 30 Bech32 Checksum

Magic Notes:

The magic code provides namespacing between chains. 5-bit magic codes are used for the Bitcoin Mainnet and the Bitcoin Testnet. (it may be significantly longer for other projects/chains):

  • For Bitcoin Mainnet the magic code is: 0x3, leading to an "r" character when encoded.
  • For Bitcoin Mainnet with Outpoint Encoded the magic code is: 0x4, leading to an "y" character when encoded.
  • For Bitcoin Testnet the magic code is: 0x6, leading to an "x" character when encoded.
  • For Bitcoin Testnet with Outpoint Encoded the magic code is: 0x7, leading to an "8" character when encoded.
Codes 0x0, 0x1, 0x2, 0x5, are also reserved for future use within the Bitcoin project.

Any other chain MUST NOT start their magic code with any value between 0x0 and 0x7 inclusive.

Other magic codes will be specified in SLIP-XXXX "TxRef for Non-Bitcoin Chains and Networks".

Compatibility

There are no known compatibility issues.

Rationale

  1. ^ Why use Bech32 Encoding for Confirmed Transaction References? The error detection and correction properties of this encoding format make it very attractive. We expect that it will be reasonable for software to correct a maximum of two characters; however, we haven’t specified this yet.
  2. ^ Why add a colon here? This allows it to conform better with W3C URN/URL standards.
  3. ^ Why hyphens within the TxRef? As TxRef's are short, we expect that they will be quoted via voice or written by hand. The inclusion of hyphens every 4 characters breaks up the string and means people don't lose their place so easily.
  4. ^ Why strip all non-bech32-alphabet characters? We do not wish to expect the users to keep their TxRef's in good unicode form (hyphens, colons, invisible spaces, random unicode characters, etc). We expect them to copy, paste, write by-hand, write in a mix of character sets, etc. Parsers should automatically correct for all sorts of these common errors.

Reference implementations

C Reference Implementation (supports magic codes 0x3 and 0x6): https://github.com/jonasschnelli/bitcoin_txref_code

Go Reference Implementation (supports magic codes 0x3 and 0x6): https://github.com/kulpreet/txref

C++ Reference Implementation (support magic codes 0x3, 0x4, 0x6, 0x7): https://github.com/dcdpr/btcr-DID-method/

Appendices

Test Vectors

There are two sets of Test Vectors included here:

  • Bech32 Encoding Test Vectors. These are to test if a implementation accepts the encoding, with the correct human readable part, and separator.
  • Bitcoin TxRef Test Vectors. These test the full specification, in particular, correct values for block height and the transaction index.

Bech32 Encoding (for TxRef).

Please Note: All test vectors are shown to help test if a string is compliant or not. All real-life applications (such as for Bitcoin) should comply with the Bitcoin Test Vectors listed Below.

The following strings have a valid Human Readable Part and Bech32 Checksum.

  • TX1A12UEL5L
  • tx1an83characterlonghumanreadablepartthatcontainsthenumber1andtheexcludedcharactersbio1tt5tgs
  • tx1abcdef1qpzry9x8gf2tvdw0s3jn54khce6mua7lmqqqxw
  • tx11qqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqc8247j
The following list gives invalid TxRef's and the reason for their invalidity.
  • bc1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kg3g4ty: Invalid human-readable part
  • tx1qw508d6qejxtdg4y5r3zarvary0c5xw7kv8f3t5: Invalid checksum

Bitcoin TxRef (mainnet and testnet)

The following list gives properly encoded Bitcoin mainnet TxRef's and the values in hex. (block height, transaction index)

  • tx1:rqqq-qqqq-qmhu-qhp: (0x0, 0x0)
  • tx1:rqqq-qqll-l8xh-jkg: (0x0, 0x7FFF)
  • tx1:r7ll-llqq-qghq-qr8: (0xFFFFFF, 0x0)
  • tx1:r7ll-llll-l5xt-jzw: (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF)
The following list gives properly encoded Bitcoin testnet TxRef's and the values in hex. (block height, transaction index)

  • txtest1:xqqq-qqqq-qkla-64l: (0x0, 0x0)
  • txtest1:xqqq-qqll-l2wk-g5k: (0x0, 0x7FFF)
  • txtest1:x7ll-llqq-q9lp-6pe: (0xFFFFFF, 0x0)
  • txtest1:x7ll-llll-lew2-gqs: (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF)
The following list gives valid (though strangely formatted) Bitcoin TxRef's and the values in hex. (block height, transaction index)
  • tx1:rjk0-uqay-zsrw-hqe: (0x71F69, 0x89D)
  • TX1RJK0UQAYZSRWHQE: (0x71F69, 0x89D)
  • TX1RJK0--UQaYZSRw----HQE: (0x71F69, 0x89D)
  • tx1 rjk0 uqay zsrw hqe: (0x71F69, 0x89D)
  • tx1!rjk0\uqay*zsrw^^hqe: (0x71F69, 0x89D)
The following list gives invalid Bitcoin TxRef's and the reason for their invalidity.
  • tx1:t7ll-llll-ldup-3hh: Magic 0xB instead of 0x3. (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF)
  • tx1:rlll-llll-lfet-r2y: Version 1 instead of 0. (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF)
  • tx1:rjk0-u5ng-gghq-fkg7: Valid Bech32, but 10x5bit packages instead of 8.
  • tx1:rjk0-u5qd-s43z: Valid Bech32, but 6x5bit packages instead of 8.

Bitcoin TxRef with Outpoints (mainnet and testnet)

The following list gives properly encoded Bitcoin mainnet TxRef's with Outpoints and the values in hex. (block height, transaction index, TXO index)

  • tx1:yqqq-qqqq-qqqq-ksvh-26: (0x0, 0x0, 0x0)
  • tx1:yqqq-qqll-lqqq-v0h2-2k: (0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x0)
  • tx1:y7ll-llqq-qqqq-a5zy-tc: (0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x0)
  • tx1:y7ll-llll-lqqq-8tee-t5: (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x0)
  • tx1:yqqq-qqqq-qpqq-5j9q-nz: (0x0, 0x0, 0x1)
  • tx1:yqqq-qqll-lpqq-wd7a-nw: (0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x1)
  • tx1:y7ll-llqq-qpqq-lktn-jq: (0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x1)
  • tx1:y7ll-llll-lpqq-9fsw-jv: (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x1)
  • tx1:yjk0-uqay-zrfq-g2cg-t8: (0x71F69, 0x89D, 0x123)
  • tx1:yjk0-uqay-zu4x-nk6u-pc: (0x71F69, 0x89D, 0x1ABC)
The following list gives properly encoded Bitcoin testnet TxRef's with Outpoints and the values in hex. (block height, transaction index, TXO index)

  • txtest1:8qqq-qqqq-qqqq-cgru-fa: (0x0, 0x0, 0x0)
  • txtest1:8qqq-qqll-lqqq-zhcp-f3: (0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x0)
  • txtest1:87ll-llqq-qqqq-nvd0-gl: (0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x0)
  • txtest1:87ll-llll-lqqq-fnkj-gn: (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x0)
  • txtest1:8qqq-qqqq-qpqq-622t-s9: (0x0, 0x0, 0x1)
  • txtest1:8qqq-qqll-lpqq-q43k-sf: (0x0, 0x7FFF, 0x1)
  • txtest1:87ll-llqq-qpqq-3wyc-38: (0xFFFFFF, 0x0, 0x1)
  • txtest1:87ll-llll-lpqq-t3l9-3t: (0xFFFFFF, 0x7FFF, 0x1)
  • txtest1:8jk0-uqay-zrfq-xjhr-gq: (0x71F69, 0x89D, 0x123)
  • txtest1:8jk0-uqay-zu4x-aw4h-zl: (0x71F69, 0x89D, 0x1ABC)

Bitcoin TxRef Payload Value Choice:

Some calculations showing why we chose these particular bit-length of the block height and transaction index.

Block Height Value:

24-bit: between 0, and 0xFFFFFF (16,777,216 blocks).

  • There are ~52,500 blocks every year, leading to ~319 years of blocks addressable.
  • Therefore before year 2328 this specification should be extended. (We think that we have plenty of time).

Tx Position Value:

15-bit: between 0x0, and 0x7FFF. (32,768 transactions).

  • The realistic smallest Tx is 83 Bytes: Max 12047 tx in a block.
    • 4B version + 1B tx_in count + 36B previous_output + 1B script length + 0B signature script + 4B sequence + 1B tx_out count + 8B amount + 1B script length + 23B pubkey script + 4B lock_time = 83B
  • The extreme smallest Tx is 60 Byte's: Max 16665 tx in a block.
    • 4B version + 1B tx_in count + 36B previous_output + 1B script length + 0B signature script + 4B sequence + 1B tx_out count + 8B amount + 1B script length + 0B pubkey script + 4B lock_time = 60B

Acknowledgements

Special Thanks to Pieter Wuille and Greg Maxwell for Bech32, a wonderful user-facing data encoding.