Data Visualization and Evalution of Design.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Data Analysis and Visulization of Most Streamed Spotify Songs - 2023"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### **About Dataset**\n",
    "\n",
    "Dataset Title: Most Streamed Spotify Songs 2023\n",
    "- Data Source: Kaggle.\n",
    "- Data Format: CSV\n",
    "- Data Dimensions: \n",
    "\n",
    "| Field Name | Description |\n",
    "| --- | --- |\n",
    "| track_name | Name of the song |\n",
    "| artist(s)_name | Name of the artist(s) of the song |\n",
    "| artist_count | Number of artists contributing to the song |\n",
    "| released_year | Year when the song was released |\n",
    "| released_month | Month when the song was released |\n",
    "| released_day | Day of the month when the song was released |\n",
    "| in_spotify_playlists | Number of Spotify playlists the song is included in |\n",
    "| in_spotify_charts | Presence and rank of the song on Spotify charts |\n",
    "| streams | Total number of streams on Spotify |\n",
    "| in_apple_playlists | Number of Apple Music playlists the song is included in |\n",
    "| in_apple_charts | Presence and rank of the song on Apple Music charts |\n",
    "| in_deezer_playlists | Number of Deezer playlists the song is included in |\n",
    "| in_deezer_charts | Presence and rank of the song on Deezer charts |\n",
    "| in_shazam_charts | Presence and rank of the song on Shazam charts |\n",
    "| bpm | Beats per minute, a measure of song tempo |\n",
    "| key | Key of the song |\n",
    "| mode | Mode of the song (major or minor) |\n",
    "| danceability_% | Percentage indicating how suitable the song is for dancing |\n",
    "| valence_% | Positivity of the song's musical content |\n",
    "| energy_% | Perceived energy level of the song |\n",
    "| acousticness_% | Amount of acoustic sound in the song |\n",
    "| instrumentalness_% | Amount of instrumental content in the song |\n",
    "| liveness_% | Presence of live performance elements |\n",
    "| speechiness_% | Amount of spoken words in the song |\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#importing required packages\n",
    "import altair as alt\n",
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "import numpy as np  \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#reading the csv file\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv(\"spotify-2023.csv\",encoding='iso-8859-1')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### **A sneak peek of the Most Streamed Spotify Songs data set**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>track_name</th>\n",
       "      <th>artist(s)_name</th>\n",
       "      <th>artist_count</th>\n",
       "      <th>released_year</th>\n",
       "      <th>released_month</th>\n",
       "      <th>released_day</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_spotify_playlists</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_spotify_charts</th>\n",
       "      <th>streams</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_apple_playlists</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>bpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>mode</th>\n",
       "      <th>danceability_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>valence_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>energy_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>acousticness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>instrumentalness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>liveness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>speechiness_%</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Seven (feat. Latto) (Explicit Ver.)</td>\n",
       "      <td>Latto, Jung Kook</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>553</td>\n",
       "      <td>147</td>\n",
       "      <td>141381703</td>\n",
       "      <td>43</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>125</td>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>31</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>LALA</td>\n",
       "      <td>Myke Towers</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>23</td>\n",
       "      <td>1474</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>133716286</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>92</td>\n",
       "      <td>C#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>vampire</td>\n",
       "      <td>Olivia Rodrigo</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>1397</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>140003974</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>138</td>\n",
       "      <td>F</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "      <td>51</td>\n",
       "      <td>32</td>\n",
       "      <td>53</td>\n",
       "      <td>17</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Cruel Summer</td>\n",
       "      <td>Taylor Swift</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2019</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>23</td>\n",
       "      <td>7858</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>800840817</td>\n",
       "      <td>116</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>170</td>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>58</td>\n",
       "      <td>72</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>15</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>WHERE SHE GOES</td>\n",
       "      <td>Bad Bunny</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2023</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>3133</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>303236322</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>144</td>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "      <td>65</td>\n",
       "      <td>23</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 24 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                            track_name    artist(s)_name  artist_count  \\\n",
       "0  Seven (feat. Latto) (Explicit Ver.)  Latto, Jung Kook             2   \n",
       "1                                 LALA       Myke Towers             1   \n",
       "2                              vampire    Olivia Rodrigo             1   \n",
       "3                         Cruel Summer      Taylor Swift             1   \n",
       "4                       WHERE SHE GOES         Bad Bunny             1   \n",
       "\n",
       "   released_year  released_month  released_day  in_spotify_playlists  \\\n",
       "0           2023               7            14                   553   \n",
       "1           2023               3            23                  1474   \n",
       "2           2023               6            30                  1397   \n",
       "3           2019               8            23                  7858   \n",
       "4           2023               5            18                  3133   \n",
       "\n",
       "   in_spotify_charts    streams  in_apple_playlists  ...  bpm key   mode  \\\n",
       "0                147  141381703                  43  ...  125   B  Major   \n",
       "1                 48  133716286                  48  ...   92  C#  Major   \n",
       "2                113  140003974                  94  ...  138   F  Major   \n",
       "3                100  800840817                 116  ...  170   A  Major   \n",
       "4                 50  303236322                  84  ...  144   A  Minor   \n",
       "\n",
       "  danceability_%  valence_% energy_% acousticness_%  instrumentalness_%  \\\n",
       "0             80         89       83             31                   0   \n",
       "1             71         61       74              7                   0   \n",
       "2             51         32       53             17                   0   \n",
       "3             55         58       72             11                   0   \n",
       "4             65         23       80             14                  63   \n",
       "\n",
       "   liveness_%  speechiness_%  \n",
       "0           8              4  \n",
       "1          10              4  \n",
       "2          31              6  \n",
       "3          11             15  \n",
       "4          11              6  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 24 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 93,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### **General info about the data columns**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 953 entries, 0 to 952\n",
      "Data columns (total 24 columns):\n",
      " #   Column                Non-Null Count  Dtype \n",
      "---  ------                --------------  ----- \n",
      " 0   track_name            953 non-null    object\n",
      " 1   artist(s)_name        953 non-null    object\n",
      " 2   artist_count          953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 3   released_year         953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 4   released_month        953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 5   released_day          953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 6   in_spotify_playlists  953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 7   in_spotify_charts     953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 8   streams               953 non-null    object\n",
      " 9   in_apple_playlists    953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 10  in_apple_charts       953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 11  in_deezer_playlists   953 non-null    object\n",
      " 12  in_deezer_charts      953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 13  in_shazam_charts      903 non-null    object\n",
      " 14  bpm                   953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 15  key                   858 non-null    object\n",
      " 16  mode                  953 non-null    object\n",
      " 17  danceability_%        953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 18  valence_%             953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 19  energy_%              953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 20  acousticness_%        953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 21  instrumentalness_%    953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 22  liveness_%            953 non-null    int64 \n",
      " 23  speechiness_%         953 non-null    int64 \n",
      "dtypes: int64(17), object(7)\n",
      "memory usage: 178.8+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "#### **Goals and Tasks**\n",
    "\n",
    "By applying visualization to this data, we can achieve several goals:\n",
    "\n",
    "1.\t**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Trend Identification:</p>** <p style=\"font-size:15px;\">Visualizing data over time can help identify trends in song popularity, artist prominence, and genre preference.</p>\n",
    "2.\t**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Correlation Discovery:</p>** <p style=\"font-size:15px;\">Scatter plots or heatmaps can help identify correlations between song features and their popularity.</p>\n",
    "3. **<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Comparative Analysis:</p>** <p style=\"font-size:15px;\">Bar charts or pie charts can help compare the success of different artists, songs, or genres.</p>\n",
    "4.\t**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Geographical Patterns:</p>** <p style=\"font-size:15px;\">Geographical heatmaps can show regional preferences for songs or artists.</p>\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### **I will be considering two goals among the above four:**\n",
    "\n",
    "**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Task 1: Analyzing Song Popularity</p>**\n",
    "-\tGoal: Understand the popularity of songs to predict future trends.\n",
    "-\tMeans: Analyze the number of streams, artist popularity, and song features.\n",
    "-\tCharacteristics: Identify patterns and correlations in the data.\n",
    "-\tTarget Data: Song name, artist, number of streams, song features (like danceability, energy, etc.).\n",
    "\n",
    "**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Task 2: Feature Interaction Identification-Key/Mode based</p>**\n",
    "-\tGoal: Understand the popularity of songs using key/mode preferences to tailor music recommendations.\n",
    "-\tMeans: Analyze the interaction between song features based on the popularity of songs for different keys/modes\n",
    "-\tCharacteristics: Identify key (like D,D#,E,F, etc) preferences and trends.\n",
    "-\tTarget Data: Song name, artist, number of streams, key, bpm, dancebility, etc.\n",
    "\n",
    "Workflow: These tasks can be performed on weekly or monthly basis to understand the trend.<br>\n",
    "Roles: These task are typically executed by data analysts.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Below image shows the low-fedility prototype of analyzing top 5 songs based on streams</p>**<br>\n",
    "(I have used Tableau to create the chart quickly)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "![Alt text](image.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**<p style=\"color:yellow;\">Below image shows the low-fedility prototype of key/mode preferences and feature interactions</p>**<br>\n",
    "(I have used Tableau to create the chart quickly)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![Alt text](image-2.png)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "----------\n",
    "#### Data Preprocessing"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### Colunms present in the database:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['track_name', 'artist(s)_name', 'artist_count', 'released_year',\n",
       "       'released_month', 'released_day', 'in_spotify_playlists',\n",
       "       'in_spotify_charts', 'streams', 'in_apple_playlists', 'in_apple_charts',\n",
       "       'in_deezer_playlists', 'in_deezer_charts', 'in_shazam_charts', 'bpm',\n",
       "       'key', 'mode', 'danceability_%', 'valence_%', 'energy_%',\n",
       "       'acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', 'liveness_%', 'speechiness_%'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "#Analysing song popularity to uderstand the correlation between popularity(no. of streams) and other features to predict future trends\n",
    "\n",
    "df.columns "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### The 'streams' column in the below row contains junk values and hence this can be dropped."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
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       "\n",
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       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>track_name</th>\n",
       "      <th>artist(s)_name</th>\n",
       "      <th>artist_count</th>\n",
       "      <th>released_year</th>\n",
       "      <th>released_month</th>\n",
       "      <th>released_day</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_spotify_playlists</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_spotify_charts</th>\n",
       "      <th>streams</th>\n",
       "      <th>in_apple_playlists</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>bpm</th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>mode</th>\n",
       "      <th>danceability_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>valence_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>energy_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>acousticness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>instrumentalness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>liveness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>speechiness_%</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>574</th>\n",
       "      <td>Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)</td>\n",
       "      <td>Edison Lighthouse</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1970</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2877</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>BPM110KeyAModeMajorDanceability53Valence75Ener...</td>\n",
       "      <td>16</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "      <td>53</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>17</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>1 rows × 24 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                              track_name     artist(s)_name  artist_count  \\\n",
       "574  Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)  Edison Lighthouse             1   \n",
       "\n",
       "     released_year  released_month  released_day  in_spotify_playlists  \\\n",
       "574           1970               1             1                  2877   \n",
       "\n",
       "     in_spotify_charts                                            streams  \\\n",
       "574                  0  BPM110KeyAModeMajorDanceability53Valence75Ener...   \n",
       "\n",
       "     in_apple_playlists  ...  bpm key   mode danceability_%  valence_%  \\\n",
       "574                  16  ...  110   A  Major             53         75   \n",
       "\n",
       "    energy_% acousticness_%  instrumentalness_%  liveness_%  speechiness_%  \n",
       "574       69              7                   0          17              3  \n",
       "\n",
       "[1 rows x 24 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[df['streams'].str.startswith(\"BPM110KeyAModeMajorDan\")]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 97,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "df.drop(index=574,inplace=True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "#creating a dataframe with only required columns\n",
    "df_song =df[['track_name', 'artist(s)_name','streams','danceability_%', 'valence_%', 'energy_%',\n",
    "       'acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', 'liveness_%', 'speechiness_%','key','mode']].copy()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### Top 20 songs by total number of streams:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 100,
   "metadata": {},
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       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>track_name</th>\n",
       "      <th>artist(s)_name</th>\n",
       "      <th>streams</th>\n",
       "      <th>danceability_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>valence_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>energy_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>acousticness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>instrumentalness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>liveness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>speechiness_%</th>\n",
       "      <th>key</th>\n",
       "      <th>mode</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>55</th>\n",
       "      <td>Blinding Lights</td>\n",
       "      <td>The Weeknd</td>\n",
       "      <td>3703895074</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>38</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>C#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>179</th>\n",
       "      <td>Shape of You</td>\n",
       "      <td>Ed Sheeran</td>\n",
       "      <td>3562543890</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>93</td>\n",
       "      <td>65</td>\n",
       "      <td>58</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>C#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>86</th>\n",
       "      <td>Someone You Loved</td>\n",
       "      <td>Lewis Capaldi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2887241814</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>C#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>620</th>\n",
       "      <td>Dance Monkey</td>\n",
       "      <td>Tones and I</td>\n",
       "      <td>2864791672</td>\n",
       "      <td>82</td>\n",
       "      <td>54</td>\n",
       "      <td>59</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>18</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>F#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>41</th>\n",
       "      <td>Sunflower - Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse</td>\n",
       "      <td>Post Malone, Swae Lee</td>\n",
       "      <td>2808096550</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>50</td>\n",
       "      <td>54</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>D</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>162</th>\n",
       "      <td>One Dance</td>\n",
       "      <td>Drake, WizKid, Kyla</td>\n",
       "      <td>2713922350</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>36</td>\n",
       "      <td>63</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>36</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>C#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>84</th>\n",
       "      <td>STAY (with Justin Bieber)</td>\n",
       "      <td>Justin Bieber, The Kid Laroi</td>\n",
       "      <td>2665343922</td>\n",
       "      <td>59</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>C#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>140</th>\n",
       "      <td>Believer</td>\n",
       "      <td>Imagine Dragons</td>\n",
       "      <td>2594040133</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>74</td>\n",
       "      <td>78</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>23</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>A#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>725</th>\n",
       "      <td>Closer</td>\n",
       "      <td>The Chainsmokers, Halsey</td>\n",
       "      <td>2591224264</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>52</td>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>G#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>48</th>\n",
       "      <td>Starboy</td>\n",
       "      <td>The Weeknd, Daft Punk</td>\n",
       "      <td>2565529693</td>\n",
       "      <td>68</td>\n",
       "      <td>49</td>\n",
       "      <td>59</td>\n",
       "      <td>16</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>13</td>\n",
       "      <td>28</td>\n",
       "      <td>G</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>138</th>\n",
       "      <td>Perfect</td>\n",
       "      <td>Ed Sheeran</td>\n",
       "      <td>2559529074</td>\n",
       "      <td>60</td>\n",
       "      <td>17</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>16</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>11</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>G#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>71</th>\n",
       "      <td>Heat Waves</td>\n",
       "      <td>Glass Animals</td>\n",
       "      <td>2557975762</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>53</td>\n",
       "      <td>53</td>\n",
       "      <td>44</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>As It Was</td>\n",
       "      <td>Harry Styles</td>\n",
       "      <td>2513188493</td>\n",
       "      <td>52</td>\n",
       "      <td>66</td>\n",
       "      <td>73</td>\n",
       "      <td>34</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>31</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>F#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>693</th>\n",
       "      <td>Seï¿½ï¿½o</td>\n",
       "      <td>Shawn Mendes, Camila Cabello</td>\n",
       "      <td>2484812918</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>52</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>A</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>324</th>\n",
       "      <td>Say You Won't Let Go</td>\n",
       "      <td>James Arthur</td>\n",
       "      <td>2420461338</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>45</td>\n",
       "      <td>56</td>\n",
       "      <td>69</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>A#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>128</th>\n",
       "      <td>lovely - Bonus Track</td>\n",
       "      <td>Billie Eilish, Khalid</td>\n",
       "      <td>2355719893</td>\n",
       "      <td>35</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>30</td>\n",
       "      <td>93</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>E</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>127</th>\n",
       "      <td>Watermelon Sugar</td>\n",
       "      <td>Harry Styles</td>\n",
       "      <td>2322580122</td>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>56</td>\n",
       "      <td>82</td>\n",
       "      <td>12</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>34</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>407</th>\n",
       "      <td>Don't Start Now</td>\n",
       "      <td>Dua Lipa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2303033973</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>68</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>621</th>\n",
       "      <td>Lucid Dreams</td>\n",
       "      <td>Juice WRLD</td>\n",
       "      <td>2288695111</td>\n",
       "      <td>44</td>\n",
       "      <td>22</td>\n",
       "      <td>48</td>\n",
       "      <td>38</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>33</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "      <td>B</td>\n",
       "      <td>Minor</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>73</th>\n",
       "      <td>Sweater Weather</td>\n",
       "      <td>The Neighbourhood</td>\n",
       "      <td>2282771485</td>\n",
       "      <td>61</td>\n",
       "      <td>41</td>\n",
       "      <td>81</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>10</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>A#</td>\n",
       "      <td>Major</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                                        track_name  \\\n",
       "55                                 Blinding Lights   \n",
       "179                                   Shape of You   \n",
       "86                               Someone You Loved   \n",
       "620                                   Dance Monkey   \n",
       "41   Sunflower - Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse   \n",
       "162                                      One Dance   \n",
       "84                       STAY (with Justin Bieber)   \n",
       "140                                       Believer   \n",
       "725                                         Closer   \n",
       "48                                         Starboy   \n",
       "138                                        Perfect   \n",
       "71                                      Heat Waves   \n",
       "14                                       As It Was   \n",
       "693                                      Seï¿½ï¿½o   \n",
       "324                           Say You Won't Let Go   \n",
       "128                           lovely - Bonus Track   \n",
       "127                               Watermelon Sugar   \n",
       "407                                Don't Start Now   \n",
       "621                                   Lucid Dreams   \n",
       "73                                 Sweater Weather   \n",
       "\n",
       "                   artist(s)_name     streams  danceability_%  valence_%  \\\n",
       "55                     The Weeknd  3703895074              50         38   \n",
       "179                    Ed Sheeran  3562543890              83         93   \n",
       "86                  Lewis Capaldi  2887241814              50         45   \n",
       "620                   Tones and I  2864791672              82         54   \n",
       "41          Post Malone, Swae Lee  2808096550              76         91   \n",
       "162           Drake, WizKid, Kyla  2713922350              77         36   \n",
       "84   Justin Bieber, The Kid Laroi  2665343922              59         48   \n",
       "140               Imagine Dragons  2594040133              77         74   \n",
       "725      The Chainsmokers, Halsey  2591224264              75         64   \n",
       "48          The Weeknd, Daft Punk  2565529693              68         49   \n",
       "138                    Ed Sheeran  2559529074              60         17   \n",
       "71                  Glass Animals  2557975762              76         53   \n",
       "14                   Harry Styles  2513188493              52         66   \n",
       "693  Shawn Mendes, Camila Cabello  2484812918              76         77   \n",
       "324                  James Arthur  2420461338              40         45   \n",
       "128         Billie Eilish, Khalid  2355719893              35         12   \n",
       "127                  Harry Styles  2322580122              55         56   \n",
       "407                      Dua Lipa  2303033973              79         68   \n",
       "621                    Juice WRLD  2288695111              44         22   \n",
       "73              The Neighbourhood  2282771485              61         41   \n",
       "\n",
       "     energy_%  acousticness_%  instrumentalness_%  liveness_%  speechiness_%  \\\n",
       "55         80               0                   0           9              7   \n",
       "179        65              58                   0           9              8   \n",
       "86         41              75                   0          11              3   \n",
       "620        59              69                   0          18             10   \n",
       "41         50              54                   0           7              5   \n",
       "162        63               1                   0          36              5   \n",
       "84         76               4                   0          10              5   \n",
       "140        78               4                   0          23             11   \n",
       "725        52              41                   0          11              3   \n",
       "48         59              16                   0          13             28   \n",
       "138        45              16                   0          11              2   \n",
       "71         53              44                   0           9              9   \n",
       "14         73              34                   0          31              6   \n",
       "693        52               4                   0           8              3   \n",
       "324        56              69                   0           9              5   \n",
       "128        30              93                   0          10              3   \n",
       "127        82              12                   0          34              5   \n",
       "407        79               1                   0          10              8   \n",
       "621        48              38                   0          33             24   \n",
       "73         81               5                   2          10              3   \n",
       "\n",
       "     key   mode  \n",
       "55    C#  Major  \n",
       "179   C#  Minor  \n",
       "86    C#  Major  \n",
       "620   F#  Minor  \n",
       "41     D  Major  \n",
       "162   C#  Major  \n",
       "84    C#  Major  \n",
       "140   A#  Minor  \n",
       "725   G#  Major  \n",
       "48     G  Major  \n",
       "138   G#  Major  \n",
       "71     B  Major  \n",
       "14    F#  Minor  \n",
       "693    A  Minor  \n",
       "324   A#  Major  \n",
       "128    E  Minor  \n",
       "127  NaN  Major  \n",
       "407    B  Minor  \n",
       "621    B  Minor  \n",
       "73    A#  Major  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 100,
     "metadata": {},
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    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df_song.loc[:, 'streams'] = df_song['streams'].astype('int64')\n",
    "df_top20songs = df_song.nlargest(20, 'streams')\n",
    "df_top20songs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "------\n",
    "### **Interactive Visualizations using Altair**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### <p style=\"color:lightblue;\">Analysis of Song Popularity(in terms of no. of streams) based on audio features of the song.</p>\n",
    "\n",
    "<p style=\"color:yellow;\">A summary of key elements of the design and justification:</p>\n",
    "The visualization design consists of building a scatter plot to see the correlation between the feature 'streams' and the other dimensions(audio features of the song) namely ['danceability_%','valence_%', 'energy_%','acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', 'liveness_%', 'speechiness_%'].It also consists of a dropdown menu to change the x-axis dimension.The scatter plot for top 20 songs(sorted based on number of streams) allows us to see if there is a linear relationship between the mentioned features, which can be used to predict future song trends."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 300, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-bd86a03398ee137bba14330708977230\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"circle\", \"color\": \"darkblue\", \"size\": 60}, \"encoding\": {\"opacity\": {\"value\": 0.6}, \"tooltip\": [{\"field\": \"streams\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, {\"field\": \"artist(s)_name\", \"type\": \"nominal\"}, {\"field\": \"track_name\", \"type\": \"nominal\"}], \"x\": {\"field\": \"x\", \"title\": \" \", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, \"y\": {\"field\": \"streams\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}}, \"height\": 300, \"params\": [{\"name\": \"param_62\", \"bind\": {\"input\": \"select\", \"options\": [\"danceability_%\", \"valence_%\", \"energy_%\", \"acousticness_%\", \"instrumentalness_%\", \"liveness_%\", \"speechiness_%\"], \"name\": \"Select x-axis dimension\"}, \"value\": \"danceability_%\"}], \"transform\": [{\"calculate\": \"datum[param_62]\", \"as\": \"x\"}], \"width\": 600, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.14.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-bd86a03398ee137bba14330708977230\": [{\"track_name\": \"Blinding Lights\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Weeknd\", \"streams\": 3703895074, \"danceability_%\": 50, \"valence_%\": 38, \"energy_%\": 80, \"acousticness_%\": 0, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 7, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Shape of You\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Ed Sheeran\", \"streams\": 3562543890, \"danceability_%\": 83, \"valence_%\": 93, \"energy_%\": 65, \"acousticness_%\": 58, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 8, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Someone You Loved\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Lewis Capaldi\", \"streams\": 2887241814, \"danceability_%\": 50, \"valence_%\": 45, \"energy_%\": 41, \"acousticness_%\": 75, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 11, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Dance Monkey\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Tones and I\", \"streams\": 2864791672, \"danceability_%\": 82, \"valence_%\": 54, \"energy_%\": 59, \"acousticness_%\": 69, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 18, \"speechiness_%\": 10, \"key\": \"F#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Sunflower - Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Post Malone, Swae Lee\", \"streams\": 2808096550, \"danceability_%\": 76, \"valence_%\": 91, \"energy_%\": 50, \"acousticness_%\": 54, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 7, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"D\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"One Dance\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Drake, WizKid, Kyla\", \"streams\": 2713922350, \"danceability_%\": 77, \"valence_%\": 36, \"energy_%\": 63, \"acousticness_%\": 1, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 36, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"STAY (with Justin Bieber)\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Justin Bieber, The Kid Laroi\", \"streams\": 2665343922, \"danceability_%\": 59, \"valence_%\": 48, \"energy_%\": 76, \"acousticness_%\": 4, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Believer\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Imagine Dragons\", \"streams\": 2594040133, \"danceability_%\": 77, \"valence_%\": 74, \"energy_%\": 78, \"acousticness_%\": 4, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 23, \"speechiness_%\": 11, \"key\": \"A#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Closer\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Chainsmokers, Halsey\", \"streams\": 2591224264, \"danceability_%\": 75, \"valence_%\": 64, \"energy_%\": 52, \"acousticness_%\": 41, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 11, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"G#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Starboy\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Weeknd, Daft Punk\", \"streams\": 2565529693, \"danceability_%\": 68, \"valence_%\": 49, \"energy_%\": 59, \"acousticness_%\": 16, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 13, \"speechiness_%\": 28, \"key\": \"G\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Perfect\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Ed Sheeran\", \"streams\": 2559529074, \"danceability_%\": 60, \"valence_%\": 17, \"energy_%\": 45, \"acousticness_%\": 16, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 11, \"speechiness_%\": 2, \"key\": \"G#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Heat Waves\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Glass Animals\", \"streams\": 2557975762, \"danceability_%\": 76, \"valence_%\": 53, \"energy_%\": 53, \"acousticness_%\": 44, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 9, \"key\": \"B\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"As It Was\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Harry Styles\", \"streams\": 2513188493, \"danceability_%\": 52, \"valence_%\": 66, \"energy_%\": 73, \"acousticness_%\": 34, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 31, \"speechiness_%\": 6, \"key\": \"F#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Se\\u00ef\\u00bf\\u00bd\\u00ef\\u00bf\\u00bdo\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Shawn Mendes, Camila Cabello\", \"streams\": 2484812918, \"danceability_%\": 76, \"valence_%\": 77, \"energy_%\": 52, \"acousticness_%\": 4, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 8, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"A\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Say You Won't Let Go\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"James Arthur\", \"streams\": 2420461338, \"danceability_%\": 40, \"valence_%\": 45, \"energy_%\": 56, \"acousticness_%\": 69, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"A#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"lovely - Bonus Track\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Billie Eilish, Khalid\", \"streams\": 2355719893, \"danceability_%\": 35, \"valence_%\": 12, \"energy_%\": 30, \"acousticness_%\": 93, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"E\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Watermelon Sugar\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Harry Styles\", \"streams\": 2322580122, \"danceability_%\": 55, \"valence_%\": 56, \"energy_%\": 82, \"acousticness_%\": 12, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 34, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": null, \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Don't Start Now\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Dua Lipa\", \"streams\": 2303033973, \"danceability_%\": 79, \"valence_%\": 68, \"energy_%\": 79, \"acousticness_%\": 1, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 8, \"key\": \"B\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Lucid Dreams\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Juice WRLD\", \"streams\": 2288695111, \"danceability_%\": 44, \"valence_%\": 22, \"energy_%\": 48, \"acousticness_%\": 38, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 33, \"speechiness_%\": 24, \"key\": \"B\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Sweater Weather\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Neighbourhood\", \"streams\": 2282771485, \"danceability_%\": 61, \"valence_%\": 41, \"energy_%\": 81, \"acousticness_%\": 5, \"instrumentalness_%\": 2, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"A#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dimensions = ['danceability_%','valence_%', 'energy_%',\n",
    "       'acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', 'liveness_%', 'speechiness_%']\n",
    "\n",
    "# Let's implement filtering using dynamic queries. \n",
    "dropdown = alt.binding_select (options=dimensions, name=\"Select x-axis dimension\")\n",
    "\n",
    "x_axis_param = alt.param(value=dimensions[0], bind=dropdown)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define the scatter plot\n",
    "scatter = alt.Chart(df_top20songs).mark_circle(size=60,color=\"darkblue\").encode(\n",
    "    x=alt.X('x:Q').title(\" \"),\n",
    "    y='streams',\n",
    "    tooltip=['streams','artist(s)_name','track_name'],\n",
    "    opacity=alt.value(0.6)\n",
    ").transform_calculate(\n",
    "    x=f'datum[{x_axis_param.name}]').add_params(\n",
    "    x_axis_param\n",
    ").properties(width=600,\n",
    "    height = 300)\n",
    "\n",
    "scatter.display()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### **Inference/Findings:**\n",
    "The no. of streams and audio features of the songs(['danceability_%','valence_%', 'energy_%','acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', liveness_%', 'speechiness_%']) doesn't seem to have a linear relationship for the top 20 songs. Although most songs among them seem to have danceability_% and energy_% in the upper limit of the x-axis scale. This means, more the energy and dancability the better it is for the popularity of the song.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "-------\n",
    "##### **<p style=\"color:lightblue;\">Analysis of key/mode preferences and feature interactions.</p>**\n",
    "\n",
    "<p style=\"color:yellow;\">A summary of key elements of the design and justification:</p>\n",
    "The visualization design consists of building a scatter plot(for top 20 songs) between the feature 'streams' and the other dimensions(audio features of the song) namely ['danceability_%','valence_%', 'energy_%','acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', 'liveness_%', 'speechiness_%']. Each mark on the plot is colored by the Key using which the song is composed. The aim is to get a general notion about the popularity of the song and Key preference.It also consists of a dropdown menu to change the x-axis dimension.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "    function displayChart(vegaEmbed) {\n",
       "      vegaEmbed(outputDiv, spec, embedOpt)\n",
       "        .catch(err => showError(`Javascript Error: ${err.message}<br>This usually means there's a typo in your chart specification. See the javascript console for the full traceback.`));\n",
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       "\n",
       "    if(typeof define === \"function\" && define.amd) {\n",
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       "      require([\"vega-embed\"], displayChart, err => showError(`Error loading script: ${err.message}`));\n",
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       "      maybeLoadScript(\"vega\", \"5\")\n",
       "        .then(() => maybeLoadScript(\"vega-lite\", \"5.14.1\"))\n",
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       "        .catch(showError)\n",
       "        .then(() => displayChart(vegaEmbed));\n",
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       "  })({\"config\": {\"view\": {\"continuousWidth\": 300, \"continuousHeight\": 300}}, \"data\": {\"name\": \"data-bd86a03398ee137bba14330708977230\"}, \"mark\": {\"type\": \"circle\", \"color\": \"darkblue\", \"size\": 60}, \"encoding\": {\"color\": {\"field\": \"key\", \"scale\": {\"scheme\": \"category20\"}, \"type\": \"nominal\"}, \"opacity\": {\"value\": 0.6}, \"tooltip\": [{\"field\": \"streams\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, {\"field\": \"artist(s)_name\", \"type\": \"nominal\"}, {\"field\": \"track_name\", \"type\": \"nominal\"}, {\"field\": \"mode\", \"type\": \"nominal\"}], \"x\": {\"field\": \"x\", \"title\": \" \", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}, \"y\": {\"field\": \"streams\", \"type\": \"quantitative\"}}, \"height\": 300, \"params\": [{\"name\": \"param_63\", \"bind\": {\"input\": \"select\", \"options\": [\"danceability_%\", \"valence_%\", \"energy_%\", \"acousticness_%\", \"instrumentalness_%\", \"liveness_%\", \"speechiness_%\"], \"name\": \"Select x-axis dimension\"}, \"value\": \"danceability_%\"}, {\"name\": \"param_64\", \"select\": {\"type\": \"interval\", \"encodings\": [\"x\", \"y\"]}, \"bind\": \"scales\"}], \"transform\": [{\"calculate\": \"datum[param_63]\", \"as\": \"x\"}], \"width\": 600, \"$schema\": \"https://vega.github.io/schema/vega-lite/v5.14.1.json\", \"datasets\": {\"data-bd86a03398ee137bba14330708977230\": [{\"track_name\": \"Blinding Lights\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Weeknd\", \"streams\": 3703895074, \"danceability_%\": 50, \"valence_%\": 38, \"energy_%\": 80, \"acousticness_%\": 0, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 7, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Shape of You\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Ed Sheeran\", \"streams\": 3562543890, \"danceability_%\": 83, \"valence_%\": 93, \"energy_%\": 65, \"acousticness_%\": 58, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 8, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Someone You Loved\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Lewis Capaldi\", \"streams\": 2887241814, \"danceability_%\": 50, \"valence_%\": 45, \"energy_%\": 41, \"acousticness_%\": 75, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 11, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Dance Monkey\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Tones and I\", \"streams\": 2864791672, \"danceability_%\": 82, \"valence_%\": 54, \"energy_%\": 59, \"acousticness_%\": 69, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 18, \"speechiness_%\": 10, \"key\": \"F#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Sunflower - Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Post Malone, Swae Lee\", \"streams\": 2808096550, \"danceability_%\": 76, \"valence_%\": 91, \"energy_%\": 50, \"acousticness_%\": 54, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 7, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"D\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"One Dance\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Drake, WizKid, Kyla\", \"streams\": 2713922350, \"danceability_%\": 77, \"valence_%\": 36, \"energy_%\": 63, \"acousticness_%\": 1, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 36, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"STAY (with Justin Bieber)\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Justin Bieber, The Kid Laroi\", \"streams\": 2665343922, \"danceability_%\": 59, \"valence_%\": 48, \"energy_%\": 76, \"acousticness_%\": 4, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"C#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Believer\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Imagine Dragons\", \"streams\": 2594040133, \"danceability_%\": 77, \"valence_%\": 74, \"energy_%\": 78, \"acousticness_%\": 4, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 23, \"speechiness_%\": 11, \"key\": \"A#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Closer\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Chainsmokers, Halsey\", \"streams\": 2591224264, \"danceability_%\": 75, \"valence_%\": 64, \"energy_%\": 52, \"acousticness_%\": 41, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 11, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"G#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Starboy\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Weeknd, Daft Punk\", \"streams\": 2565529693, \"danceability_%\": 68, \"valence_%\": 49, \"energy_%\": 59, \"acousticness_%\": 16, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 13, \"speechiness_%\": 28, \"key\": \"G\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Perfect\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Ed Sheeran\", \"streams\": 2559529074, \"danceability_%\": 60, \"valence_%\": 17, \"energy_%\": 45, \"acousticness_%\": 16, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 11, \"speechiness_%\": 2, \"key\": \"G#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Heat Waves\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Glass Animals\", \"streams\": 2557975762, \"danceability_%\": 76, \"valence_%\": 53, \"energy_%\": 53, \"acousticness_%\": 44, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 9, \"key\": \"B\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"As It Was\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Harry Styles\", \"streams\": 2513188493, \"danceability_%\": 52, \"valence_%\": 66, \"energy_%\": 73, \"acousticness_%\": 34, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 31, \"speechiness_%\": 6, \"key\": \"F#\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Se\\u00ef\\u00bf\\u00bd\\u00ef\\u00bf\\u00bdo\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Shawn Mendes, Camila Cabello\", \"streams\": 2484812918, \"danceability_%\": 76, \"valence_%\": 77, \"energy_%\": 52, \"acousticness_%\": 4, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 8, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"A\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Say You Won't Let Go\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"James Arthur\", \"streams\": 2420461338, \"danceability_%\": 40, \"valence_%\": 45, \"energy_%\": 56, \"acousticness_%\": 69, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 9, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": \"A#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"lovely - Bonus Track\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Billie Eilish, Khalid\", \"streams\": 2355719893, \"danceability_%\": 35, \"valence_%\": 12, \"energy_%\": 30, \"acousticness_%\": 93, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"E\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Watermelon Sugar\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Harry Styles\", \"streams\": 2322580122, \"danceability_%\": 55, \"valence_%\": 56, \"energy_%\": 82, \"acousticness_%\": 12, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 34, \"speechiness_%\": 5, \"key\": null, \"mode\": \"Major\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Don't Start Now\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Dua Lipa\", \"streams\": 2303033973, \"danceability_%\": 79, \"valence_%\": 68, \"energy_%\": 79, \"acousticness_%\": 1, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 8, \"key\": \"B\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Lucid Dreams\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"Juice WRLD\", \"streams\": 2288695111, \"danceability_%\": 44, \"valence_%\": 22, \"energy_%\": 48, \"acousticness_%\": 38, \"instrumentalness_%\": 0, \"liveness_%\": 33, \"speechiness_%\": 24, \"key\": \"B\", \"mode\": \"Minor\"}, {\"track_name\": \"Sweater Weather\", \"artist(s)_name\": \"The Neighbourhood\", \"streams\": 2282771485, \"danceability_%\": 61, \"valence_%\": 41, \"energy_%\": 81, \"acousticness_%\": 5, \"instrumentalness_%\": 2, \"liveness_%\": 10, \"speechiness_%\": 3, \"key\": \"A#\", \"mode\": \"Major\"}]}}, {\"mode\": \"vega-lite\"});\n",
       "</script>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "alt.Chart(...)"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dimensions = ['danceability_%','valence_%', 'energy_%',\n",
    "       'acousticness_%', 'instrumentalness_%', 'liveness_%', 'speechiness_%']\n",
    "\n",
    "# Let's implement filtering using dynamic queries. \n",
    "dropdown = alt.binding_select (options=dimensions, name=\"Select x-axis dimension\")\n",
    "\n",
    "x_axis_param = alt.param(value=dimensions[0], bind=dropdown)\n",
    "\n",
    "# Define the scatter plot\n",
    "scatter = alt.Chart(df_top20songs).mark_circle(size=60,color=\"darkblue\").encode(\n",
    "    x=alt.X('x:Q').title(\" \"),\n",
    "    y='streams',\n",
    "    color=alt.Color('key:N', scale=alt.Scale(scheme='category20')),\n",
    "    tooltip=['streams','artist(s)_name','track_name','mode'],\n",
    "    opacity=alt.value(0.6)\n",
    ").transform_calculate(\n",
    "    x=f'datum[{x_axis_param.name}]').add_params(\n",
    "    x_axis_param\n",
    ").properties(width=600,\n",
    "    height = 300).interactive()\n",
    "\n",
    "scatter.display()\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "##### **Inference/Findings:**\n",
    "Irrespective of the x-axis dimension, the songs composed in C# and D have the most no. of streams. This means the likelihood of the song's popularity is partly increased by the choice of Key being C# or D.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "--------\n",
    "#### **Preliminary Analysis**\n",
    "\n",
    "**Target Question:** How effective is the visualization in helping users understand song popularity trends and Key preferences owing to song popularity?\n",
    "\n",
    "**Recruitment:** The evaluation involved recruiting a diverse group of participants, including data analysts and general users who are interested in music trends.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Measures:** The measures used included:\n",
    "- <sub> **Insight Depth:** This was measured through participant interviews and questionnaires. The depth and quality of insights participants gained from the visualization was good in the sense that, it could potentially help the artists, music producers and performers to produce songs with greater percentage of danceability and energy, and leser percentage of spoken words and live performance elements.</sub>\n",
    "- <sub> **Use Cases:** Identifed real-world use cases(like important elements to consider during song composition) where the visualization could be applied. This was through brainstorming sessions with participants.</sub>\n",
    "- <sub> **Accuracy:** Evaluated how accurately the visualization represents the underlying data. This was measured by comparing participant interpretations with the actual data. All participants gave a consistent opinion about the insights they gained from the visualization. </sub>\n",
    "\n",
    "**Approach:** A mixed-methods approach was used, combining quantitative methods (like accuracy measurement) with qualitative methods (like interviews and brainstorming sessions).\n",
    "\n",
    "**Methods:** Participants wwere asked to interact with the visualization and answer a series of questions related to song popularity analysis and key/mode preferences and feature interactions. They were also asked to brainstorm potential use cases for the visualization.\n",
    "\n",
    "**Success Criteria:** The visualization can be considered successful as it allowed the users to accurately understand song popularity trends and and key/mode preferences and feature interactions, provided deep insights, and has clear real-world use cases."
   ]
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    "#### **Elements to consider in future iterations**\n",
    "\n",
    "- Future iterations should consider the dimensions - 'in_spotify_playlists',   'in_spotify_charts', 'streams', 'in_apple_playlists', 'in_apple_charts', 'in_deezer_playlists', 'in_deezer_charts', 'in_shazam_charts', to uncover additional insights which can enhance the reach of songs on different platforms like Apple music, Deezer and Shazam.<br>\n",
    "\n",
    "- Dimensions like 'released_year', 'released_month', 'released_day' can be used to perform Time Series Analysis and Forcasting.\n",
    "\n",
    "\n"
   ]
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