diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.Rmd b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.Rmd index e1e65b4..f43d5f8 100644 --- a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.Rmd +++ b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.Rmd @@ -1,97 +1,50 @@ --- -# Supported options: -# sn-nature: Style for submissions to Nature Portfolio journals -# sn-basic: Basic Springer Nature Reference Style/Chemistry Reference Style -# sn-mathphys: Math and Physical Sciences Reference Style -# sn-aps: American Physical Society (APS) Reference Style -# sn-vancouver: Vancouver Reference Style -# sn-apa: APA Reference Style -# sn-chicago: Chicago-based Humanities Reference Style -# default: Default - -classoptions: - - sn-apa - # - Numbered # Optional: Use numbered references instead of namedate references (only for sn-nature, sn-basic, sn-vancouver, sn-chicago, sn-mathphys or sn-nature) - - referee # Optional: Use double line spacing - # - lineno # Optional: Add line numbers - # - iicol # Optional: Double column layour - -title: Estimating the socio-environmental impacts of car substitution by bicycle and public transit using open tools -# titlerunning: Article Title runing +classoption: "runningheads" +title: "Estimating the socio-environmental impacts of car substitution by bicycle and public transit using open tools" +shorttitle: "Estimating the SE impacts of car substitution by bicycle and public transit" authors: - - firstname: Rosa - lastname: Félix - email: rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt - affiliation: 1 - corresponding: TRUE - equalcont: These authors contributed equally to this work. - - - firstname: Filipe - lastname: Moura - email: fmoura@tecnico.ulisboa.pt - affiliation: 1 - corresponding: FALSE - equalcont: These authors contributed equally to this work. - - - firstname: Robin - lastname: Lovelace - email: r.lovelace@leeds.ac.uk - affiliation: 2 - equalcont: These authors contributed equally to this work. - - -affiliations: - - number: 1 - corresponding: TRUE - info: - orgdiv: CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico - orgname: University of Lisbon - address: - street: Av Rovisco Pais 1 - city: Lisbon - postcode: 1049-001 - # state: State - country: Portugal - - number: 2 - corresponding: FALSE - info: - orgdiv: Institute for Transport Studies - orgname: University of Leeds - address: - street: 34-40 University Rd - city: Leeds - postcode: LS2 9JT - # state: State - country: United Kingdom - - -keywords: + - name: "Rosa Félix" + inst: "1" + orcid: "0000-0002-5642-6006" + - name: "Filipe Moura" + inst: "1" + orcid: "0000-0001-7749-8490" + - name: "Robin Lovelace" + inst: "2" + orcid: "0000-0001-5679-6536" +# First names are abbreviated in the running head. +# If there are more than two authors, 'et al.' is used. +authorrunning: "R. Félix et al." +institutes: + - name: "CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon. Av Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal" + email: "rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt" + - name: "Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. 34-40 University Rd, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK" + +abstract: | + In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of public transit and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This paper focuses on estimating the potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon metropolitan area and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using open data and open source tools. + A decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network was developed (_biclaR_). A scenario of intermodality introduced, and its socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the _HEAT for Cycling_ and the _HEAT as a Service_ tools. Additionally, the impacts of shifting car trips to PT were estimated and monetized. + The results indicate that 20% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions from 6,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits account from €230 million. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results in the avoidance of at lest 8,500 tons of CO2eq emissions per year. + The information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. +keywords: - Active transport - Intermodality - First and last mile - Health economic assessment - Environmental impacts - Open data and methods - - - -# Sample for structured abstract - MAX 200 words - ainda tem 274 -abstract: | - In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of public transit and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This approach requires interventions to make cycling more appealing, and the resulting public investments can have significant social and environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon metropolitan area and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using open data and open source tools. - - To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese cycling strategy, the Department of Transport introduced _biclaR_, a decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. A scenario of intermodality introduced, and its socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the _HEAT for Cycling_ and the _HEAT as a Service_ tools. Additionally, we estimated the impacts of shifting car trips to PT and monetize them with the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. - - The results indicate that 20% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12% of PT trips being potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per year. - - The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. - bibliography: bibliography.bib +# Use csl when using default citation_package for Pandoc citeproc +# csl: https://www.zotero.org/styles/springer-lecture-notes-in-computer-science +# citations with arabic numbers is prefered when using natbib +natbiboptions: numbers -header-includes: | - +header-includes: + - \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} -output: rticles::springer_article +output: + rticles::lncs_article: + citation_package: default # or natbib --- ```{r setup, include=FALSE} @@ -99,94 +52,73 @@ knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE, out.extra = "") # This forces knitr to label all figures. ``` -# Introduction {#sec1} +# Introduction -The Introduction section should explain the background to the study, its aims, a summary of the existing literature and why this study was necessary. +**full paper**: 4-6 pages in length (typically up to 3,000 words). In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of public transit (PT) and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This approach requires interventions and programs to make bicycling more appealing, and the resulting public investments can have significant social and environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon metropolitan area (LMA) and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using open data and open source tools. -According to the latest mobility survey conducted in 2018, the LMA registered a total of 5.3 million daily trips, with only 0.5% by bicycle. Car modal share is 58.4%, while PT accounts for 15.5%. To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese national cycling strategy for 2025 and 2030 (4% and 10%, respectively), the Department of Transport introduced biclaR, a decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. +According to the latest mobility survey conducted in 2018, the LMA registered a total of 5.3 million daily trips, with only 0.5% by bicycle. Car modal share is 58.4%, while PT accounts for 15.5%. +To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese national cycling strategy for 2025 and 2030 (4% and 10%, respectively), the Department of Transport introduced biclaR, a decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. -The intermodality scenario considers trips that can combine PT and cycling for the first-and-last legs. Conservatively, we considered the sum of first-and-last legs up to 5 km. Furthermore, we restricted PT use to unimodal trips without transfers (although they can be included in future modeling). Finally, we only included PT modes that can practically accommodate bicycles, such as trains, ferries, trams, and intermunicipal bus lines with bike racks (Figure 1). +This research aims to present and discuss the methods used to estimate… -To obtain reliable results, we used the OpenStreetMap road network and GTFS data. The r5r R package estimated the trip duration and distance for both the original modes and the bicycle + PT combination, while the od jittering R package estimated the OD locations based on a centroid-based OD matrix. +Propensity to Cycle Tool -Socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the HEAT for Cycling and the HEAT as a Service tools, from the WHO. Additionally, we estimate the impacts of shifting car trips to PT for the second leg of the journey with EMEP/EEA’s COPERT methodology and monetize them with the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. +adding up an intermodality scenario to estimate cycling potential to public transit interfaces, and thus to support planning and prioritize investments in the cycling network. -The results indicate that 20% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12% of PT trips being potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per year, or €1.4 to €3.5 million over 10 years, with trains offering the greatest potential for substitution (88%). -By making the research process publicly accessible in a code repository, this study enables the replication of similar estimates for socio-environmental impacts resulting from a modal shift from cars to bicycles + PT in other metropolitan areas. The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. +# Methods - +## Case Study +## Modeling Origin-Destination trips -# Methods {#sec2} +## Modeling intermodality -The methods section should include: -* the aim, design and setting of the study -* the characteristics of participants or description of materials -* a clear description of all processes and methodologies employed. Generic names should generally be used. When proprietary * brands are used in research, include the brand names in parentheses -* the type of statistical analysis used, including a power calculation if appropriate -* studies involving human participants, data or tissue or animals must include statement on ethics approval and consent +The intermodality scenario considers trips that can combine PT and cycling for the first-and-last legs. Conservatively, we considered the sum of first-and-last legs up to 5 km. Furthermore, we restricted PT use to unimodal trips without transfers (although they can be included in future modeling). [@bib2, @felix2023] +Finally, we only included PT modes that can practically accommodate bicycles, such as trains, ferries, trams, and intermunicipal bus lines with bike racks (\ \ref{fig:map1}). - -```{r fig1, fig.cap = "This is an example of a caption", fig.width = 5} -# plot(pressure) - +```{r map1, fig.cap="Interfaces and lines considered, by transport mode, in the Lisbon metropolitan area"} +plot(pressure) ``` +To obtain reliable results, we used the OpenStreetMap road network and GTFS data. The r5r R package estimated the trip duration and distance for both the original modes and the bicycle + PT combination, while the od jittering R package estimated the OD locations based on a centroid-based OD matrix. -# Results and Discussion {#sec11} - -Topical subheadings are allowed. Authors must ensure that their Methods section includes adequate experimental and characterization data necessary for others in the field to reproduce their work. Authors are encouraged to include RIIDs where appropriate. - -**Ethical approval declarations** (only required where applicable) Any article reporting experiment/s carried out on (i)~live vertebrate (or higher invertebrates), (ii)~humans or (iii)~human samples must include an unambiguous statement within the methods section that meets the following requirements: - -1. Approval: a statement which confirms that all experimental protocols were approved by a named institutional and/or licensing committee. Please identify the approving body in the methods section - -2. Accordance: a statement explicitly saying that the methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations - -3. Informed consent (for experiments involving humans or human tissue samples): include a statement confirming that informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardian/s - - -If your manuscript includes potentially identifying patient/participant information, or if it describes human transplantation research, or if it reports results of a clinical trial then additional information will be required. Please visit () for Nature Portfolio journals, () for Springer Nature journals, or () for BMC. - - -# Conclusion {#sec13} +## Assessing socio-environmental benefits -This should state clearly the main conclusions and provide an explanation of the importance and relevance of the study to the field. +Socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the HEAT for Cycling and the HEAT as a Service tools, from the WHO. Additionally, we estimate the impacts of shifting car trips to PT for the second leg of the journey with EMEP/EEA’s COPERT methodology and monetize them with the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. -Conclusions may be used to restate your hypothesis or research question, restate your major findings, explain the relevance and the added value of your work, highlight any limitations of your study, describe future directions for research and recommendations. +Table\ \ref{tab:table} gives a summary of all heading levels. -In some disciplines use of Discussion or 'Conclusion' is interchangeable. It is not mandatory to use both. Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. +```{r table} +knitr::kable(head(pressure), + format = "latex", + caption = "Table captions should be placed above the tables.") +``` -This is a test @felix2023 to check if they show up. -\backmatter +# Results and Discussion +The results indicate that 20% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12% of PT trips being potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per year, or €1.4 to €3.5 million over 10 years, with trains offering the greatest potential for substitution (88%). -\bmhead{Acknowledgments} +Map result (\ \ref{fig:map2}). -Acknowledgments are not compulsory. Where included they should be brief. Grant or contribution numbers may be acknowledged. +```{r map2, fig.cap="Bike routes with highest potential to serve as first and last mile when replacing cycling and PT from car trips (screenshot of the interactive online tool)."} +plot(pressure) +``` -Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. +# Conclusion +By making the research process publicly accessible in a code repository, this study enables the replication of similar estimates for socio-environmental impacts resulting from a modal shift from cars to bicycles + PT in other metropolitan areas. The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. -# Declarations {.unnumbered} -Some journals require declarations to be submitted in a standardised format. Please check the Instructions for Authors of the journal to which you are submitting to see if you need to complete this section. If yes, your manuscript must contain the following sections under the heading `Declarations': +### Acknowledgements {.unnumbered} +Please place your acknowledgments at the end of the paper, preceded by an unnumbered run-in heading (i.e. 3rd-level heading). -* Funding -* Conflict of interest/Competing interests (check journal-specific guidelines for which heading to use) -* Ethics approval -* Consent to participate -* Consent for publication -* Availability of data and materials -* Code availability -* Authors' contributions +Thomas Götshi - HAAS. -\noindent -If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the heading and write `Not applicable' for that section. +# References {.unnumbered} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.pdf index 813a81a..7f2e45b 100644 Binary files a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.pdf and b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.tex b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.tex index 2b5a7a9..f96e5ca 100644 --- a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.tex +++ b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA.tex @@ -1,56 +1,13 @@ -%Version 2.1 April 2023 -% See section 11 of the User Manual for version history +% This is samplepaper.tex, a sample chapter demonstrating the +% LLNCS macro package for Springer Computer Science proceedings; +% Version 2.21 of 2022/01/12 % -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% -%% %% -%% Please do not use \input{...} to include other tex files. %% -%% Submit your LaTeX manuscript as one .tex document. %% -%% %% -%% All additional figures and files should be attached %% -%% separately and not embedded in the \TeX\ document itself. %% -%% %% -%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% - -\documentclass[sn-apa,referee,pdflatex]{sn-jnl} - -%%%% Standard Packages -%% - -\usepackage{graphicx}% -\usepackage{multirow}% -\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}% -\usepackage{amsthm}% -\usepackage{mathrsfs}% -\usepackage[title]{appendix}% -\usepackage{xcolor}% -\usepackage{textcomp}% -\usepackage{manyfoot}% -\usepackage{booktabs}% -\usepackage{algorithm}% -\usepackage{algorithmicx}% -\usepackage{algpseudocode}% -\usepackage{listings}% -%%%% - -%%%%%=============================================================================%%%% -%%%% Remarks: This template is provided to aid authors with the preparation -%%%% of original research articles intended for submission to journals published -%%%% by Springer Nature. The guidance has been prepared in partnership with -%%%% production teams to conform to Springer Nature technical requirements. -%%%% Editorial and presentation requirements differ among journal portfolios and -%%%% research disciplines. You may find sections in this template are irrelevant -%%%% to your work and are empowered to omit any such section if allowed by the -%%%% journal you intend to submit to. The submission guidelines and policies -%%%% of the journal take precedence. A detailed User Manual is available in the -%%%% template package for technical guidance. -%%%%%=============================================================================%%%% - - - - -\raggedbottom - - +\documentclass[runningheads]{llncs} +% +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +% T1 fonts will be used to generate the final print and online PDFs, +% so please use T1 fonts in your manuscript whenever possible. +% Other font encondings may result in incorrect characters. % tightlist command for lists without linebreak @@ -58,89 +15,108 @@ \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} - +% Pandoc citation processing +\newlength{\cslhangindent} +\setlength{\cslhangindent}{1.5em} +\newlength{\csllabelwidth} +\setlength{\csllabelwidth}{3em} +\newlength{\cslentryspacingunit} % times entry-spacing +\setlength{\cslentryspacingunit}{\parskip} +% for Pandoc 2.8 to 2.10.1 +\newenvironment{cslreferences}% + {}% + {\par} +% For Pandoc 2.11+ +\newenvironment{CSLReferences}[2] % #1 hanging-ident, #2 entry spacing + {% don't indent paragraphs + \setlength{\parindent}{0pt} + % turn on hanging indent if param 1 is 1 + \ifodd #1 + \let\oldpar\par + \def\par{\hangindent=\cslhangindent\oldpar} + \fi + % set entry spacing + \setlength{\parskip}{#2\cslentryspacingunit} + }% + {} +\usepackage{calc} +\newcommand{\CSLBlock}[1]{#1\hfill\break} +\newcommand{\CSLLeftMargin}[1]{\parbox[t]{\csllabelwidth}{#1}} +\newcommand{\CSLRightInline}[1]{\parbox[t]{\linewidth - \csllabelwidth}{#1}\break} +\newcommand{\CSLIndent}[1]{\hspace{\cslhangindent}#1} + +\usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} + + +\usepackage{graphicx} +% Used for displaying a sample figure. If possible, figure files should +% be included in EPS format. +% +% If you use the hyperref package, please uncomment the following two lines +% to display URLs in blue roman font according to Springer's eBook style: +\usepackage{hyperref} +\usepackage{color} +\renewcommand\UrlFont{\color{blue}\rmfamily} \begin{document} -\title[]{Estimating the socio-environmental impacts of car substitution -by bicycle and public transit using open tools} - -%%=============================================================%% -%% Prefix -> \pfx{Dr} -%% GivenName -> \fnm{Joergen W.} -%% Particle -> \spfx{van der} -> surname prefix -%% FamilyName -> \sur{Ploeg} -%% Suffix -> \sfx{IV} -%% NatureName -> \tanm{Poet Laureate} -> Title after name -%% Degrees -> \dgr{MSc, PhD} -%% \author*[1,2]{\pfx{Dr} \fnm{Joergen W.} \spfx{van der} \sur{Ploeg} \sfx{IV} \tanm{Poet Laureate} -%% \dgr{MSc, PhD}}\email{iauthor@gmail.com} -%%=============================================================%% - -\author*[1]{\fnm{Rosa} \sur{Félix} }\email{\href{mailto:rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}{\nolinkurl{rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}}} - -\author[1]{\fnm{Filipe} \sur{Moura} }\email{\href{mailto:fmoura@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}{\nolinkurl{fmoura@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}}} - -\author[2]{\fnm{Robin} \sur{Lovelace} }\email{\href{mailto:r.lovelace@leeds.ac.uk}{\nolinkurl{r.lovelace@leeds.ac.uk}}} - - - - \affil*[1]{\orgdiv{CERIS - Instituto Superior -Técnico}, \orgname{University of -Lisbon}, \orgaddress{\city{Lisbon}, \country{Portugal}, \postcode{1049-001}, \street{Av -Rovisco Pais 1}}} - \affil[2]{\orgdiv{Institute for Transport -Studies}, \orgname{University of -Leeds}, \orgaddress{\city{Leeds}, \country{United -Kingdom}, \postcode{LS2 9JT}, \street{34-40 University Rd}}} - -\abstract{In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a -combination of public transit and cycling for the first-and-last mile. -This approach requires interventions to make cycling more appealing, and -the resulting public investments can have significant social and -environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the potential -for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon -metropolitan area and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using -open data and open source tools. - -To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese cycling strategy, -the Department of Transport introduced \emph{biclaR}, a decision support -tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan -cycling network. A scenario of intermodality introduced, and its -socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the \emph{HEAT for -Cycling} and the \emph{HEAT as a Service} tools. Additionally, we -estimated the impacts of shifting car trips to PT and monetize them with -the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. - -The results indicate that 20\% of the current trips can be made with the -bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12\% of PT trips being -potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile -can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the -10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, -depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car -results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per -year. - -The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support -policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on -individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their -decisions.} - -\keywords{Active transport, Intermodality, First and last mile, Health -economic assessment, Environmental impacts, Open data and methods} - +\title{Estimating the socio-environmental impacts of car substitution by +bicycle and public transit using open tools} +% +\titlerunning{Estimating the SE impacts of car substitution by bicycle +and public transit} +% If the paper title is too long for the running head, you can set +% an abbreviated paper title here +% +\author{Rosa Félix\inst{1}\orcidID{0000-0002-5642-6006} \and Filipe +Moura\inst{1}\orcidID{0000-0001-7749-8490} \and Robin +Lovelace\inst{2}\orcidID{0000-0001-5679-6536}} -\maketitle +\authorrunning{R. Félix et al.} +% First names are abbreviated in the running head. +% If there are more than two authors, 'et al.' is used. +% -\hypertarget{sec1}{% -\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}} +\institute{CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon. Av +Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal\\ +\email{\href{mailto:rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}{\nolinkurl{rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}}}\\ \and Institute +for Transport Studies, University of Leeds. 34-40 University Rd, Leeds +LS2 9JT, UK} -The Introduction section should explain the background to the study, its -aims, a summary of the existing literature and why this study was -necessary. +\maketitle % typeset the header of the contribution +% +\begin{abstract} +In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of +public transit and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This paper +focuses on estimating the potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for +car trips in the Lisbon metropolitan area and assessing its +socio-environmental impacts using open data and open source tools. A +decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a +metropolitan cycling network was developed (\emph{biclaR}). A scenario +of intermodality introduced, and its socio-environmental impacts were +assessed using the \emph{HEAT for Cycling} and the \emph{HEAT as a +Service} tools. Additionally, the impacts of shifting car trips to PT +were estimated and monetized. The results indicate that 20\% of the +current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination. Shifting to +cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions +from 6,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits +account from €230 million. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results +in the avoidance of at lest 8,500 tons of CO2eq emissions per year. The +information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in +prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual +motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. + +\keywords{Active transport \and Intermodality \and First and last +mile \and Health economic assessment \and Environmental +impacts \and Open data and methods} + +\end{abstract} + +\hypertarget{introduction}{% +\section{Introduction}\label{introduction}} In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of public transit (PT) and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This @@ -159,13 +135,41 @@ \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}} of Transport introduced biclaR, a decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. +This research aims to present and discuss the methods used to +estimate\ldots{} + +Propensity to Cycle Tool + +adding up an intermodality scenario to estimate cycling potential to +public transit interfaces, and thus to support planning and prioritize +investments in the cycling network. + +\hypertarget{methods}{% +\section{Methods}\label{methods}} + +\hypertarget{case-study}{% +\subsection{Case Study}\label{case-study}} + +\hypertarget{modeling-origin-destination-trips}{% +\subsection{Modeling Origin-Destination +trips}\label{modeling-origin-destination-trips}} + +\hypertarget{modeling-intermodality}{% +\subsection{Modeling intermodality}\label{modeling-intermodality}} + The intermodality scenario considers trips that can combine PT and cycling for the first-and-last legs. Conservatively, we considered the sum of first-and-last legs up to 5 km. Furthermore, we restricted PT use to unimodal trips without transfers (although they can be included in -future modeling). Finally, we only included PT modes that can -practically accommodate bicycles, such as trains, ferries, trams, and -intermunicipal bus lines with bike racks (Figure 1). +future modeling). Félix, Lovelace, and Moura (2022) + +Finally, we only included PT modes that can practically accommodate +bicycles, such as trains, ferries, trams, and intermunicipal bus lines +with bike racks (~\ref{fig:map1}). + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics{PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map1-1} \caption{Interfaces and lines considered, by transport mode, in the Lisbon metropolitan area}\label{fig:map1} +\end{figure} To obtain reliable results, we used the OpenStreetMap road network and GTFS data. The r5r R package estimated the trip duration and distance @@ -173,12 +177,44 @@ \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}} od jittering R package estimated the OD locations based on a centroid-based OD matrix. +\hypertarget{assessing-socio-environmental-benefits}{% +\subsection{Assessing socio-environmental +benefits}\label{assessing-socio-environmental-benefits}} + Socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the HEAT for Cycling and the HEAT as a Service tools, from the WHO. Additionally, we estimate the impacts of shifting car trips to PT for the second leg of the journey with EMEP/EEA's COPERT methodology and monetize them with the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. +Table~\ref{tab:table} gives a summary of all heading levels. + +\begin{table} + +\caption{\label{tab:table}Table captions should be placed above the tables.} +\centering +\begin{tabular}[t]{r|r} +\hline +temperature & pressure\\ +\hline +0 & 0.0002\\ +\hline +20 & 0.0012\\ +\hline +40 & 0.0060\\ +\hline +60 & 0.0300\\ +\hline +80 & 0.0900\\ +\hline +100 & 0.2700\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\end{table} + +\hypertarget{results-and-discussion}{% +\section{Results and Discussion}\label{results-and-discussion}} + The results indicate that 20\% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12\% of PT trips being potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile @@ -189,6 +225,15 @@ \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}} year, or €1.4 to €3.5 million over 10 years, with trains offering the greatest potential for substitution (88\%). +Map result (~\ref{fig:map2}). + +\begin{figure} +\includegraphics{PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map2-1} \caption{Bike routes with highest potential to serve as first and last mile when replacing cycling and PT from car trips (screenshot of the interactive online tool).}\label{fig:map2} +\end{figure} + +\hypertarget{conclusion}{% +\section{Conclusion}\label{conclusion}} + By making the research process publicly accessible in a code repository, this study enables the replication of similar estimates for socio-environmental impacts resulting from a modal shift from cars to @@ -197,131 +242,38 @@ \section{Introduction}\label{sec1}} interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. -\hypertarget{sec2}{% -\section{Methods}\label{sec2}} - -The methods section should include: - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - the aim, design and setting of the study -\item - the characteristics of participants or description of materials -\item - a clear description of all processes and methodologies employed. - Generic names should generally be used. When proprietary * brands are - used in research, include the brand names in parentheses -\item - the type of statistical analysis used, including a power calculation - if appropriate -\item - studies involving human participants, data or tissue or animals must - include statement on ethics approval and consent -\end{itemize} - -\hypertarget{sec11}{% -\section{Results and Discussion}\label{sec11}} - -Topical subheadings are allowed. Authors must ensure that their Methods -section includes adequate experimental and characterization data -necessary for others in the field to reproduce their work. Authors are -encouraged to include RIIDs where appropriate. - -\textbf{Ethical approval declarations} (only required where applicable) -Any article reporting experiment/s carried out on -(i)\textasciitilde live vertebrate (or higher invertebrates), -(ii)\textasciitilde humans or (iii)\textasciitilde human samples must -include an unambiguous statement within the methods section that meets -the following requirements: - -\begin{enumerate} -\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} -\item - Approval: a statement which confirms that all experimental protocols - were approved by a named institutional and/or licensing committee. - Please identify the approving body in the methods section -\item - Accordance: a statement explicitly saying that the methods were - carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations -\item - Informed consent (for experiments involving humans or human tissue - samples): include a statement confirming that informed consent was - obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardian/s -\end{enumerate} - -If your manuscript includes potentially identifying patient/participant -information, or if it describes human transplantation research, or if it -reports results of a clinical trial then additional information will be -required. Please visit -(\url{https://www.nature.com/nature-research/editorial-policies}) for -Nature Portfolio journals, -(\url{https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/journal-author/journal-author-helpdesk/publishing-ethics/14214}) -for Springer Nature journals, or -(\url{https://www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished/editorial-policies/\#ethics+and+consent}) -for BMC. - -\hypertarget{sec13}{% -\section{Conclusion}\label{sec13}} - -This should state clearly the main conclusions and provide an -explanation of the importance and relevance of the study to the field. - -Conclusions may be used to restate your hypothesis or research question, -restate your major findings, explain the relevance and the added value -of your work, highlight any limitations of your study, describe future -directions for research and recommendations. - -In some disciplines use of Discussion or `Conclusion' is -interchangeable. It is not mandatory to use both. Please refer to -Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. - -This is a test \citet{felix2023} to check if they show up. - -\backmatter - -\bmhead{Acknowledgments} - -Acknowledgments are not compulsory. Where included they should be brief. -Grant or contribution numbers may be acknowledged. - -Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. - -\hypertarget{declarations}{% -\section*{Declarations}\label{declarations}} -\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Declarations} - -Some journals require declarations to be submitted in a standardised -format. Please check the Instructions for Authors of the journal to -which you are submitting to see if you need to complete this section. If -yes, your manuscript must contain the following sections under the -heading `Declarations': - -\begin{itemize} -\tightlist -\item - Funding -\item - Conflict of interest/Competing interests (check journal-specific - guidelines for which heading to use) -\item - Ethics approval -\item - Consent to participate -\item - Consent for publication -\item - Availability of data and materials -\item - Code availability -\item - Authors' contributions -\end{itemize} - -\noindent If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, -please include the heading and write `Not applicable' for that section. - -\bibliography{bibliography.bib} +\hypertarget{acknowledgements}{% +\subsubsection*{Acknowledgements}\label{acknowledgements}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{subsubsection}{Acknowledgements} + +Please place your acknowledgments at the end of the paper, preceded by +an unnumbered run-in heading (i.e.~3rd-level heading). + +Thomas Götshi - HAAS. + +\hypertarget{references}{% +\section*{References}\label{references}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References} + +\hypertarget{refs}{} +\begin{CSLReferences}{1}{0} +\leavevmode\vadjust pre{\hypertarget{ref-felix2023}{}}% +Félix, Rosa, Robin Lovelace, and Filipe Moura. 2022. {``{biclaR - +Ferramenta de apoio ao planeamento da rede ciclável na área +metropolitana de Lisboa}.''} {CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico and +Transportes Metropolitanos de Lisboa}. +\url{https://biclar.tmlmobilidade.pt}. + +\leavevmode\vadjust pre{\hypertarget{ref-bib2}{}}% +Slifka, M. K., and J. L. Whitton. 2000. {``Clinical Implications of +Dysregulated Cytokine Production.''} \emph{J. {M}ol. {M}ed.} 78: 74--80. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090000086}. + +\end{CSLReferences} + +% +% ---- Bibliography ---- + \end{document} diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf index ce8b9fb..d33f783 100644 Binary files a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf and b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map1-1.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map1-1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03729ca Binary files /dev/null and b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map1-1.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map2-1.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map2-1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..03729ca Binary files /dev/null and b/paper/PaperTRA/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/map2-1.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/bibliography.bib b/paper/PaperTRA/bibliography.bib index 504955a..3f9508e 100644 --- a/paper/PaperTRA/bibliography.bib +++ b/paper/PaperTRA/bibliography.bib @@ -1,13 +1,3 @@ -%% Journal article -@article{bib1, - author = "Campbell, S. L. and Gear, C. W.", - title = "The index of general nonlinear {D}{A}{E}{S}", - journal = "Numer. {M}ath.", - volume = "72", - number = "2", - pages = "173--196", - year = "1995" -} %% Journal article with DOI @article{bib2, @@ -28,5 +18,4 @@ @misc{felix2023 url = {https://biclar.tmlmobilidade.pt}, author = {Félix, Rosa and Lovelace, Robin and Moura, Filipe}, institution = {{CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico and Transportes Metropolitanos de Lisboa}} -} - +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.Rmd b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.Rmd new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e1e65b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.Rmd @@ -0,0 +1,192 @@ +--- +# Supported options: +# sn-nature: Style for submissions to Nature Portfolio journals +# sn-basic: Basic Springer Nature Reference Style/Chemistry Reference Style +# sn-mathphys: Math and Physical Sciences Reference Style +# sn-aps: American Physical Society (APS) Reference Style +# sn-vancouver: Vancouver Reference Style +# sn-apa: APA Reference Style +# sn-chicago: Chicago-based Humanities Reference Style +# default: Default + +classoptions: + - sn-apa + # - Numbered # Optional: Use numbered references instead of namedate references (only for sn-nature, sn-basic, sn-vancouver, sn-chicago, sn-mathphys or sn-nature) + - referee # Optional: Use double line spacing + # - lineno # Optional: Add line numbers + # - iicol # Optional: Double column layour + +title: Estimating the socio-environmental impacts of car substitution by bicycle and public transit using open tools +# titlerunning: Article Title runing + +authors: + - firstname: Rosa + lastname: Félix + email: rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt + affiliation: 1 + corresponding: TRUE + equalcont: These authors contributed equally to this work. + + - firstname: Filipe + lastname: Moura + email: fmoura@tecnico.ulisboa.pt + affiliation: 1 + corresponding: FALSE + equalcont: These authors contributed equally to this work. + + - firstname: Robin + lastname: Lovelace + email: r.lovelace@leeds.ac.uk + affiliation: 2 + equalcont: These authors contributed equally to this work. + + +affiliations: + - number: 1 + corresponding: TRUE + info: + orgdiv: CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico + orgname: University of Lisbon + address: + street: Av Rovisco Pais 1 + city: Lisbon + postcode: 1049-001 + # state: State + country: Portugal + - number: 2 + corresponding: FALSE + info: + orgdiv: Institute for Transport Studies + orgname: University of Leeds + address: + street: 34-40 University Rd + city: Leeds + postcode: LS2 9JT + # state: State + country: United Kingdom + + +keywords: + - Active transport + - Intermodality + - First and last mile + - Health economic assessment + - Environmental impacts + - Open data and methods + + + +# Sample for structured abstract - MAX 200 words - ainda tem 274 +abstract: | + In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of public transit and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This approach requires interventions to make cycling more appealing, and the resulting public investments can have significant social and environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon metropolitan area and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using open data and open source tools. + + To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese cycling strategy, the Department of Transport introduced _biclaR_, a decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. A scenario of intermodality introduced, and its socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the _HEAT for Cycling_ and the _HEAT as a Service_ tools. Additionally, we estimated the impacts of shifting car trips to PT and monetize them with the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. + + The results indicate that 20% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12% of PT trips being potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per year. + + The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. + +bibliography: bibliography.bib + +header-includes: | + + +output: rticles::springer_article +--- + +```{r setup, include=FALSE} +knitr::opts_chunk$set(echo = FALSE, + out.extra = "") # This forces knitr to label all figures. +``` + +# Introduction {#sec1} + +The Introduction section should explain the background to the study, its aims, a summary of the existing literature and why this study was necessary. + +In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of public transit (PT) and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This approach requires interventions and programs to make bicycling more appealing, and the resulting public investments can have significant social and environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon metropolitan area (LMA) and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using open data and open source tools. + +According to the latest mobility survey conducted in 2018, the LMA registered a total of 5.3 million daily trips, with only 0.5% by bicycle. Car modal share is 58.4%, while PT accounts for 15.5%. To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese national cycling strategy for 2025 and 2030 (4% and 10%, respectively), the Department of Transport introduced biclaR, a decision support tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. + +The intermodality scenario considers trips that can combine PT and cycling for the first-and-last legs. Conservatively, we considered the sum of first-and-last legs up to 5 km. Furthermore, we restricted PT use to unimodal trips without transfers (although they can be included in future modeling). Finally, we only included PT modes that can practically accommodate bicycles, such as trains, ferries, trams, and intermunicipal bus lines with bike racks (Figure 1). + +To obtain reliable results, we used the OpenStreetMap road network and GTFS data. The r5r R package estimated the trip duration and distance for both the original modes and the bicycle + PT combination, while the od jittering R package estimated the OD locations based on a centroid-based OD matrix. + +Socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the HEAT for Cycling and the HEAT as a Service tools, from the WHO. Additionally, we estimate the impacts of shifting car trips to PT for the second leg of the journey with EMEP/EEA’s COPERT methodology and monetize them with the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. + +The results indicate that 20% of the current trips can be made with the bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12% of PT trips being potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the 10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per year, or €1.4 to €3.5 million over 10 years, with trains offering the greatest potential for substitution (88%). + +By making the research process publicly accessible in a code repository, this study enables the replication of similar estimates for socio-environmental impacts resulting from a modal shift from cars to bicycles + PT in other metropolitan areas. The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. + + + + +# Methods {#sec2} + +The methods section should include: + +* the aim, design and setting of the study +* the characteristics of participants or description of materials +* a clear description of all processes and methodologies employed. Generic names should generally be used. When proprietary * brands are used in research, include the brand names in parentheses +* the type of statistical analysis used, including a power calculation if appropriate +* studies involving human participants, data or tissue or animals must include statement on ethics approval and consent + + + +```{r fig1, fig.cap = "This is an example of a caption", fig.width = 5} +# plot(pressure) + +``` + + +# Results and Discussion {#sec11} + +Topical subheadings are allowed. Authors must ensure that their Methods section includes adequate experimental and characterization data necessary for others in the field to reproduce their work. Authors are encouraged to include RIIDs where appropriate. + +**Ethical approval declarations** (only required where applicable) Any article reporting experiment/s carried out on (i)~live vertebrate (or higher invertebrates), (ii)~humans or (iii)~human samples must include an unambiguous statement within the methods section that meets the following requirements: + +1. Approval: a statement which confirms that all experimental protocols were approved by a named institutional and/or licensing committee. Please identify the approving body in the methods section + +2. Accordance: a statement explicitly saying that the methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations + +3. Informed consent (for experiments involving humans or human tissue samples): include a statement confirming that informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardian/s + + +If your manuscript includes potentially identifying patient/participant information, or if it describes human transplantation research, or if it reports results of a clinical trial then additional information will be required. Please visit () for Nature Portfolio journals, () for Springer Nature journals, or () for BMC. + + +# Conclusion {#sec13} + +This should state clearly the main conclusions and provide an explanation of the importance and relevance of the study to the field. + +Conclusions may be used to restate your hypothesis or research question, restate your major findings, explain the relevance and the added value of your work, highlight any limitations of your study, describe future directions for research and recommendations. + +In some disciplines use of Discussion or 'Conclusion' is interchangeable. It is not mandatory to use both. Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. + +This is a test @felix2023 to check if they show up. + +\backmatter + + +\bmhead{Acknowledgments} + +Acknowledgments are not compulsory. Where included they should be brief. Grant or contribution numbers may be acknowledged. + +Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. + + +# Declarations {.unnumbered} + +Some journals require declarations to be submitted in a standardised format. Please check the Instructions for Authors of the journal to which you are submitting to see if you need to complete this section. If yes, your manuscript must contain the following sections under the heading `Declarations': + +* Funding +* Conflict of interest/Competing interests (check journal-specific guidelines for which heading to use) +* Ethics approval +* Consent to participate +* Consent for publication +* Availability of data and materials +* Code availability +* Authors' contributions + +\noindent +If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, please include the heading and write `Not applicable' for that section. + diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..813a81a Binary files /dev/null and b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.tex b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b5a7a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA.tex @@ -0,0 +1,327 @@ +%Version 2.1 April 2023 +% See section 11 of the User Manual for version history +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +%% %% +%% Please do not use \input{...} to include other tex files. %% +%% Submit your LaTeX manuscript as one .tex document. %% +%% %% +%% All additional figures and files should be attached %% +%% separately and not embedded in the \TeX\ document itself. %% +%% %% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\documentclass[sn-apa,referee,pdflatex]{sn-jnl} + +%%%% Standard Packages +%% + +\usepackage{graphicx}% +\usepackage{multirow}% +\usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts}% +\usepackage{amsthm}% +\usepackage{mathrsfs}% +\usepackage[title]{appendix}% +\usepackage{xcolor}% +\usepackage{textcomp}% +\usepackage{manyfoot}% +\usepackage{booktabs}% +\usepackage{algorithm}% +\usepackage{algorithmicx}% +\usepackage{algpseudocode}% +\usepackage{listings}% +%%%% + +%%%%%=============================================================================%%%% +%%%% Remarks: This template is provided to aid authors with the preparation +%%%% of original research articles intended for submission to journals published +%%%% by Springer Nature. The guidance has been prepared in partnership with +%%%% production teams to conform to Springer Nature technical requirements. +%%%% Editorial and presentation requirements differ among journal portfolios and +%%%% research disciplines. You may find sections in this template are irrelevant +%%%% to your work and are empowered to omit any such section if allowed by the +%%%% journal you intend to submit to. The submission guidelines and policies +%%%% of the journal take precedence. A detailed User Manual is available in the +%%%% template package for technical guidance. +%%%%%=============================================================================%%%% + + + + +\raggedbottom + + + + +% tightlist command for lists without linebreak +\providecommand{\tightlist}{% + \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}} + + + + + +\begin{document} + + +\title[]{Estimating the socio-environmental impacts of car substitution +by bicycle and public transit using open tools} + +%%=============================================================%% +%% Prefix -> \pfx{Dr} +%% GivenName -> \fnm{Joergen W.} +%% Particle -> \spfx{van der} -> surname prefix +%% FamilyName -> \sur{Ploeg} +%% Suffix -> \sfx{IV} +%% NatureName -> \tanm{Poet Laureate} -> Title after name +%% Degrees -> \dgr{MSc, PhD} +%% \author*[1,2]{\pfx{Dr} \fnm{Joergen W.} \spfx{van der} \sur{Ploeg} \sfx{IV} \tanm{Poet Laureate} +%% \dgr{MSc, PhD}}\email{iauthor@gmail.com} +%%=============================================================%% + +\author*[1]{\fnm{Rosa} \sur{Félix} }\email{\href{mailto:rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}{\nolinkurl{rosamfelix@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}}} + +\author[1]{\fnm{Filipe} \sur{Moura} }\email{\href{mailto:fmoura@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}{\nolinkurl{fmoura@tecnico.ulisboa.pt}}} + +\author[2]{\fnm{Robin} \sur{Lovelace} }\email{\href{mailto:r.lovelace@leeds.ac.uk}{\nolinkurl{r.lovelace@leeds.ac.uk}}} + + + + \affil*[1]{\orgdiv{CERIS - Instituto Superior +Técnico}, \orgname{University of +Lisbon}, \orgaddress{\city{Lisbon}, \country{Portugal}, \postcode{1049-001}, \street{Av +Rovisco Pais 1}}} + \affil[2]{\orgdiv{Institute for Transport +Studies}, \orgname{University of +Leeds}, \orgaddress{\city{Leeds}, \country{United +Kingdom}, \postcode{LS2 9JT}, \street{34-40 University Rd}}} + +\abstract{In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a +combination of public transit and cycling for the first-and-last mile. +This approach requires interventions to make cycling more appealing, and +the resulting public investments can have significant social and +environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the potential +for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon +metropolitan area and assessing its socio-environmental impacts using +open data and open source tools. + +To achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese cycling strategy, +the Department of Transport introduced \emph{biclaR}, a decision support +tool that facilitates the design and development of a metropolitan +cycling network. A scenario of intermodality introduced, and its +socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the \emph{HEAT for +Cycling} and the \emph{HEAT as a Service} tools. Additionally, we +estimated the impacts of shifting car trips to PT and monetize them with +the EU Guide to cost-benefit analysis. + +The results indicate that 20\% of the current trips can be made with the +bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12\% of PT trips being +potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile +can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the +10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, +depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car +results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per +year. + +The provided information on socio-economic benefits can support +policymakers in prioritizing interventions to reduce the reliance on +individual motorized transportation and effectively communicate their +decisions.} + +\keywords{Active transport, Intermodality, First and last mile, Health +economic assessment, Environmental impacts, Open data and methods} + + + +\maketitle + +\hypertarget{sec1}{% +\section{Introduction}\label{sec1}} + +The Introduction section should explain the background to the study, its +aims, a summary of the existing literature and why this study was +necessary. + +In metropolitan areas, car trips can be replaced by a combination of +public transit (PT) and cycling for the first-and-last mile. This +approach requires interventions and programs to make bicycling more +appealing, and the resulting public investments can have significant +social and environmental benefits. This paper focuses on estimating the +potential for cycling + PT as a substitute for car trips in the Lisbon +metropolitan area (LMA) and assessing its socio-environmental impacts +using open data and open source tools. + +According to the latest mobility survey conducted in 2018, the LMA +registered a total of 5.3 million daily trips, with only 0.5\% by +bicycle. Car modal share is 58.4\%, while PT accounts for 15.5\%. To +achieve the cycling targets set by the Portuguese national cycling +strategy for 2025 and 2030 (4\% and 10\%, respectively), the Department +of Transport introduced biclaR, a decision support tool that facilitates +the design and development of a metropolitan cycling network. + +The intermodality scenario considers trips that can combine PT and +cycling for the first-and-last legs. Conservatively, we considered the +sum of first-and-last legs up to 5 km. Furthermore, we restricted PT use +to unimodal trips without transfers (although they can be included in +future modeling). Finally, we only included PT modes that can +practically accommodate bicycles, such as trains, ferries, trams, and +intermunicipal bus lines with bike racks (Figure 1). + +To obtain reliable results, we used the OpenStreetMap road network and +GTFS data. The r5r R package estimated the trip duration and distance +for both the original modes and the bicycle + PT combination, while the +od jittering R package estimated the OD locations based on a +centroid-based OD matrix. + +Socio-environmental impacts were assessed using the HEAT for Cycling and +the HEAT as a Service tools, from the WHO. Additionally, we estimate the +impacts of shifting car trips to PT for the second leg of the journey +with EMEP/EEA's COPERT methodology and monetize them with the EU Guide +to cost-benefit analysis. + +The results indicate that 20\% of the current trips can be made with the +bicycle + PT combination, with an additional 12\% of PT trips being +potentially replaced. Shifting to cycling for the first-and-last mile +can reduce annual CO2eq emissions by 6,000 to 15,000 tons/day, and the +10-year socio-environmental benefits account for €230 to €590 million, +depending on the cycling targets. For the PT leg, the transfer from car +results in the avoidance of 8,500 to 20,800 tons of CO2eq emissions per +year, or €1.4 to €3.5 million over 10 years, with trains offering the +greatest potential for substitution (88\%). + +By making the research process publicly accessible in a code repository, +this study enables the replication of similar estimates for +socio-environmental impacts resulting from a modal shift from cars to +bicycles + PT in other metropolitan areas. The provided information on +socio-economic benefits can support policymakers in prioritizing +interventions to reduce the reliance on individual motorized +transportation and effectively communicate their decisions. + +\hypertarget{sec2}{% +\section{Methods}\label{sec2}} + +The methods section should include: + +\begin{itemize} +\tightlist +\item + the aim, design and setting of the study +\item + the characteristics of participants or description of materials +\item + a clear description of all processes and methodologies employed. + Generic names should generally be used. When proprietary * brands are + used in research, include the brand names in parentheses +\item + the type of statistical analysis used, including a power calculation + if appropriate +\item + studies involving human participants, data or tissue or animals must + include statement on ethics approval and consent +\end{itemize} + +\hypertarget{sec11}{% +\section{Results and Discussion}\label{sec11}} + +Topical subheadings are allowed. Authors must ensure that their Methods +section includes adequate experimental and characterization data +necessary for others in the field to reproduce their work. Authors are +encouraged to include RIIDs where appropriate. + +\textbf{Ethical approval declarations} (only required where applicable) +Any article reporting experiment/s carried out on +(i)\textasciitilde live vertebrate (or higher invertebrates), +(ii)\textasciitilde humans or (iii)\textasciitilde human samples must +include an unambiguous statement within the methods section that meets +the following requirements: + +\begin{enumerate} +\def\labelenumi{\arabic{enumi}.} +\item + Approval: a statement which confirms that all experimental protocols + were approved by a named institutional and/or licensing committee. + Please identify the approving body in the methods section +\item + Accordance: a statement explicitly saying that the methods were + carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations +\item + Informed consent (for experiments involving humans or human tissue + samples): include a statement confirming that informed consent was + obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardian/s +\end{enumerate} + +If your manuscript includes potentially identifying patient/participant +information, or if it describes human transplantation research, or if it +reports results of a clinical trial then additional information will be +required. Please visit +(\url{https://www.nature.com/nature-research/editorial-policies}) for +Nature Portfolio journals, +(\url{https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/journal-author/journal-author-helpdesk/publishing-ethics/14214}) +for Springer Nature journals, or +(\url{https://www.biomedcentral.com/getpublished/editorial-policies/\#ethics+and+consent}) +for BMC. + +\hypertarget{sec13}{% +\section{Conclusion}\label{sec13}} + +This should state clearly the main conclusions and provide an +explanation of the importance and relevance of the study to the field. + +Conclusions may be used to restate your hypothesis or research question, +restate your major findings, explain the relevance and the added value +of your work, highlight any limitations of your study, describe future +directions for research and recommendations. + +In some disciplines use of Discussion or `Conclusion' is +interchangeable. It is not mandatory to use both. Please refer to +Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. + +This is a test \citet{felix2023} to check if they show up. + +\backmatter + +\bmhead{Acknowledgments} + +Acknowledgments are not compulsory. Where included they should be brief. +Grant or contribution numbers may be acknowledged. + +Please refer to Journal-level guidance for any specific requirements. + +\hypertarget{declarations}{% +\section*{Declarations}\label{declarations}} +\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Declarations} + +Some journals require declarations to be submitted in a standardised +format. Please check the Instructions for Authors of the journal to +which you are submitting to see if you need to complete this section. If +yes, your manuscript must contain the following sections under the +heading `Declarations': + +\begin{itemize} +\tightlist +\item + Funding +\item + Conflict of interest/Competing interests (check journal-specific + guidelines for which heading to use) +\item + Ethics approval +\item + Consent to participate +\item + Consent for publication +\item + Availability of data and materials +\item + Code availability +\item + Authors' contributions +\end{itemize} + +\noindent If any of the sections are not relevant to your manuscript, +please include the heading and write `Not applicable' for that section. + +\bibliography{bibliography.bib} + + +\end{document} diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce8b9fb Binary files /dev/null and b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/PaperTRA_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf differ diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/bibliography.bib b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/bibliography.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..504955a --- /dev/null +++ b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/bibliography.bib @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +%% Journal article +@article{bib1, + author = "Campbell, S. L. and Gear, C. W.", + title = "The index of general nonlinear {D}{A}{E}{S}", + journal = "Numer. {M}ath.", + volume = "72", + number = "2", + pages = "173--196", + year = "1995" +} + +%% Journal article with DOI +@article{bib2, + author = "Slifka, M. K. and Whitton, J. L.", + title = "Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production", + journal = "J. {M}ol. {M}ed.", + volume = "78", + pages = "74--80", + year = "2000", + doi = "10.1007/s001090000086" +} + + +@misc{felix2023, + title = {{biclaR - Ferramenta de apoio ao planeamento da rede ciclável na área metropolitana de Lisboa}}, + year = {2022}, + date = {2022}, + url = {https://biclar.tmlmobilidade.pt}, + author = {Félix, Rosa and Lovelace, Robin and Moura, Filipe}, + institution = {{CERIS - Instituto Superior Técnico and Transportes Metropolitanos de Lisboa}} +} + diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/skeleton.log b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton.log similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/skeleton.log rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton.log diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/skeleton.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton.pdf similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/skeleton.pdf rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton.pdf diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/skeleton.tex b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton.tex similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/skeleton.tex rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton.tex diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/skeleton_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/skeleton_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/skeleton_files/figure-latex/fig1-1.pdf diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-apacite.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-apacite.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-apacite.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-apacite.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-aps.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-aps.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-aps.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-aps.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-basic.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-basic.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-basic.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-basic.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-chicago.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-chicago.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-chicago.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-chicago.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-jnl.cls b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-jnl.cls similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-jnl.cls rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-jnl.cls diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-mathphys.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-mathphys.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-mathphys.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-mathphys.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-nature.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-nature.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-nature.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-nature.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-standardnature.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-standardnature.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-standardnature.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-standardnature.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/sn-vancouver.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-vancouver.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/sn-vancouver.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/sn-vancouver.bst diff --git a/paper/PaperTRA/spmpsci.bst b/paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/spmpsci.bst similarity index 100% rename from paper/PaperTRA/spmpsci.bst rename to paper/PaperTRA_ETRR/spmpsci.bst