TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'type' and 'NoneType'

[sandeepeecs]

What happened?

When running
$ python manage.py migrate

def _create_user(self, email: str, password: str | None, **extra_fields):

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'type' and 'NoneType'

What should've happened instead?

migrations should be run properly

Additional details

I think this error is because its expecting python 3.11 but i wanted to use python 3.9 and it does not support use of | symbol

Error trace

(photoapp) (base) sandeep@sandeeps-MacBook-Pro photoapp % python manage.py migrate
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/sandeep/work/photoapp/photoapp/manage.py", line 31, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line(sys.argv)
  File "/Users/sandeep/.venvs/photoapp/lib/python3.9/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 442, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/Users/sandeep/.venvs/photoapp/lib/python3.9/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 416, in execute
    django.setup()
  File "/Users/sandeep/.venvs/photoapp/lib/python3.9/site-packages/django/__init__.py", line 24, in setup
    apps.populate(settings.INSTALLED_APPS)
  File "/Users/sandeep/.venvs/photoapp/lib/python3.9/site-packages/django/apps/registry.py", line 116, in populate
    app_config.import_models()
  File "/Users/sandeep/.venvs/photoapp/lib/python3.9/site-packages/django/apps/config.py", line 269, in import_models
    self.models_module = import_module(models_module_name)
  File "/Users/sandeep/.pyenv/versions/3.9.18/lib/python3.9/importlib/__init__.py", line 127, in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1030, in _gcd_import
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1007, in _find_and_load
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 986, in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 680, in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 850, in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 228, in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "/Users/sandeep/work/photoapp/photoapp/photoapp/users/models.py", line 6, in <module>
    from photoapp.users.managers import UserManager
  File "/Users/sandeep/work/photoapp/photoapp/photoapp/users/managers.py", line 5, in <module>
    class UserManager(DjangoUserManager):
  File "/Users/sandeep/work/photoapp/photoapp/photoapp/users/managers.py", line 8, in UserManager
    def _create_user(self, email: str, password: str | None, **extra_fields):
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for |: 'type' and 'NoneType'

Logs:

$ cookiecutter https://github.com/cookiecutter/cookiecutter-django
project_name [Project Name]: ...

[browniebroke]

What's the python version you use? python --version

[luzfcb]

@sandeepeecs From the logs and your comment, you are using python3.9. However the current version of cookiecutter-django expects python3.11.

To fix the problem on the users/managers.py, simply add from __future__ import annotations at the top (first line) of the users/managers.py file and any other python file that makes use of the | operator on type hints.

Observing this will not prevent/fix if the same error from happening due to some Python dependency making use of functionality that only exists in Python3.10+. Ideally, it would be best if you used Python3.11 or higher.

The | operator for type hint was included in Python3.10+ by PEP 604