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05.files.and.folders.html
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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Webscripting1 — Serverside Webscripting — 05.files.and.folders</title>
<meta name="description" content="Webscripting1 — Serverside Webscripting — 05.files.and.folders">
<meta name="author" content="Bram(us) Van Damme - ikdoeict.be">
<link href='http://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Lato:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/main.css" media="screen">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/print.css" media="print">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/zenburn.css">
<style>
.columns .column {
float: left;
list-style: none;
margin: 0 0 12px 0;
padding: 0;
}
.column-12 {
width: 50%;
text-align: center;
}
code {
color: gainsboro;
}
li > code, li em > code, li del > code, li ins > code, p > code {
background: #3F3F3F;
padding: 2px 4px;
box-shadow: 0px 0px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);
font-size: 80%;
}
strong {
color: #553d00;
background: transparent url('assets/02/strong.png') no-repeat 50% 50%;
font-size: 80%;
padding: 0 4px;
font-family: palatino, times;
font-weight: 300;
font-style: italic;
}
#reveal section img.noborder {
background: transparent;
border: 0;
-webkit-box-shadow: none;
-moz-box-shadow: none;
-ms-box-shadow: none;
-o-box-shadow: none;
box-shadow: none;"
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="reveal">
<!-- Any section element inside of this container is displayed as a slide -->
<div class="slides">
<!-- 0 : Title -->
<section>
<section>
<h3 class="inverted">Serverside Webscripting <small>[JLW322]</small></h3>
<h1>05.files&folders</h1>
<footer>
<em><a href="http://www.ikdoeict.be/">ikdoeict.be</a> — <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></em>
</footer>
<script>
// Delicously hacky. Look away.
if( navigator.userAgent.match( /(iPhone|iPad|iPod|Android)/i ) )
document.write( '<p style="color: rgba(0,0,0,0.3); text-shadow: none;">('+'Tap to navigate'+')</p>' );
</script>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Before we jump in...</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Permissions</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
In order to manipulate files/folders, the webserver needs permission to do so
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Linux and the like: <code>chmod</code></li>
<li class="fragment clearfix">
Windows: NTFS permissions <em>(disable simple file sharing!)</em>
<div class="columns clearfix fragment" style="width: 520px; margin: 0 auto;">
<div class="column column-12"><img src="assets/05/windows-simplefilesharing.png" width="240" alt="" title="" class="noborder" /></div>
<div class="column column-12"><img src="assets/05/windows-permissions.png" width="240" alt="" title="" class="noborder" /></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>open_basedir</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
PHP can restrict which directories you can access
<ul>
<li class="fragment">E.g. Websites residing in <code>C:\wamp\www</code> have no business in <code>C:\</code>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment">In <code>php.ini</code> the <code>open_basedir</code> setting limits this</li>
<li class="fragment">
If you try to read in a non-allowed path, PHP will tell you:
<pre class="bigger"><code>warning: file_get_contents() [function.file-get-contents]: open_basedir restriction in effect. File(/tmp/../a) is not within the allowed path(s): (/home/:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/tmp) in /home/public_html/test.php on line 14.</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>post_max_size and upload_max_filesize</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
PHP can restrict the filesize of a POST request and uploads
</li>
<li class="fragment">
In <code>php.ini</code> the <code>post_max_size</code> and <code>upload_max_filesize</code> settings limit this
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
<code>post_max_size</code> limits the size of a POST request, including files
</li>
<li class="fragment">
<code>upload_max_filesize</code> limits the size of an uploaded file
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Predefined Constants</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
<code>DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR</code> is a predefined constant containing the directory separator
<ul>
<li><code>\</code> on Windows, <code>/</code> on *nix</li>
<li>Use of it is not mandatory as <code>/</code> works fine on Windows too</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Magic Constants</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Getting to know the current directory of the PHP file
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Oldskool: <code>./</code> = current working directory <small>(*)</small>
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/magic_constants.php">$myBaseDir = './';</code></pre>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
Since PHP 4.2: <code>__FILE__</code> = The full path and filename of the PHP file.
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/magic_constants.php">$myBaseDir = dirname(__FILE__);</code></pre>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
Since PHP 5.3: <code>__DIR__</code> = The full path of the PHP file.
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/magic_constants.php">$myBaseDir = __DIR__;</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment">→ Use <code>__DIR__</code></li>
</ul>
<footer class="fragment">
(*) For now consider this to be the relative path of the PHP file <em>(but that's not always true)</em>
</footer>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Kicking it oldskool</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reading Files (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Available PHP functions
<ul>
<li><code>fopen()</code> — Opens file or URL, returns a file pointer on success</li>
<li><code>fread()</code> — Binary-safe file read</li>
<li><code>fwrite()</code> — Binary-safe file write</li>
<li><code>fgets()</code> — Gets line from file pointer</li>
<li><code>fseek()</code> — Seeks on a file pointer</li>
<li><code>feof()</code> — Tests for end-of-file on a file pointer</li>
<li><code>rewind()</code> — Rewind the position of a file pointer</li>
<li><code>fclose()</code> — Closes an open file pointer</li>
<li>…</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
Combination of these needed to actually reading in a file
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reading Files (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Example
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/fileread_01.php"><?php
// path to file (relative from this PHP file)
$filename = __DIR__ . '/testfile.txt';
// open the file in read mode
$handle = fopen($filename, 'r');
// file was opened, read in the contents
if ($handle) {
$contents = fread($handle, filesize($filename));
} else { // file not opened
$contents = 'Error while opening file!';
}
// close the filehandle
fclose($handle);
// output the fetched contents
echo $contents;
// EOF</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Reading Files (3)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Example 2
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/fileread_02.php"><?php
$handle = fopen(__DIR__ . '/testfile.txt', 'r');
if ($handle) {
while (!feof($handle)) {
$buffer = fgets($handle, 20);
echo $buffer . '<br />' . PHP_EOL;
}
fclose($handle);
}
// EOF</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>More filereading</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Get all lines of a file in an array using <code>file()</code>
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/fileread_03.php"><?php
$lines = file(__DIR__ . '/testfile.txt');
// Loop through our array, show line and line numbers too.
foreach ($lines as $line_num => $line) {
echo '<strong>#' . $line_num . ':</strong> ' . $line . '<br />';
}</code></pre>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
Get the entire file contens using 1 command
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/fileread_04.php"><?php
echo file_get_contents(__DIR__ . '/testfile.txt');</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Writing files</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Again a combination of <code>fopen()</code> and a few other functions
</li>
<li class="fragment">
Or just use <code>file_put_contents()</code>
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/filewrite_01.php"><?php
file_put_contents(__DIR__ . '/testfile2.txt', 'hello!' . PHP_EOL);</code></pre>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
To update a file use <code>file_put_contents()</code> with a <em>flag</em>
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/filewrite_02.php"><?php
file_put_contents(
__DIR__ . '/testfile2.txt',
'hello!' . PHP_EOL,
FILE_APPEND
);</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>File properties</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Example
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/fileproperties.php"><?php
$filename = __DIR__ . '/testfile.txt';
echo '<p>The file ' . $filename . (file_exists($filename) ? 'exists' : 'does not exist') . '</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $filename . ' was last modified on ' . date('Y-m-d H:i:s', filemtime($filename)) . '</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $filename . ' is ' . (is_dir($filename) ? '' : 'not') . ' a directory</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $filename . ' is ' . (is_file($filename) ? '' : 'not') . ' a file</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $filename . ' is ' . (is_link($filename) ? '' : 'not') . ' a shortcut</p>' . PHP_EOL;</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>File manipulation</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Example
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/filemanipulation.php"><?php
// Copy file
copy(__DIR__ . '/testfile.txt', __DIR__ . '/copiedfile.txt');
// Rename file
// @note if the path differs you can move a file with this function!
rename(__DIR__ . '/copiedfile.txt', __DIR__ . '/testfile2.txt');
// Delete file
unlink(__DIR__ . '/testfile2.txt');</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Listing directories</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Example
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/dirread.php"><?php
$myBaseDir = __DIR__;
$dp = opendir($myBaseDir);
// read base directory
while (($file = readdir($dp)) !== false) {
// exclude . and ..
if ($file == '.') continue;
if ($file == '..') continue;
// we don't want directories
if (is_dir($myBaseDir . '/' . $file)) continue;
// output the filename
echo $file . '<br />' . PHP_EOL;
}
// close base directory pointer
closedir($dp);</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Dealing with errors</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Suppress errors with <code>@</code> and stop the process when neccessary
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/dirread.php"><?php
$myBaseDir = __DIR__;
$dp = @opendir($myBaseDir) or die('Error reading ' . $myBaseDir);
...</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
<footer class="fragment">Best practice: always place an <code>@</code> before functions that deal with files/folders</footer>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Out with the old, in with the new</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>SPL</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">SPL = Standard PHP Library</li>
<li class="fragment">A collection of interfaces and classes that are meant to solve standard problems</li>
<li class="fragment">
Designed to traverse aggregate structures (anything you want to loop over)
<ul>
<li>... such as the lines of a file or directories</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment">Inluded in PHP since PHP 5.0</li>
<li class="fragment">Enabled by default since 5.3</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>SPL and files (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">SPL contains a <code>SPLFileInfo</code> class, an object oriented interface to information for an individual file <em>(<a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.splfileinfo.php">phpdocs</a>)</em></li>
<li class="fragment">SPL contains a <code>SplFileObject</code> class — which extends <code>SPLFileInfo</code> — and object oriented interface for an individual file <em>(<a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.splfileobject.php">phpdocs</a>)</em></li>
</ul>
<p class="fragment" style="text-align: left">→ Instead of using the oldskool functions, create an instance of this class and access the datamembers/ functions on it</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>SPL and files (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Example (file info)
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/spl_fileproperties.php"><?php
$filename = __DIR__ . '/testfile.txt';
$fi = new SplFileInfo($filename);
echo '<p>The file ' . $fi->getFileName() . ' was last modified on ' . date('Y-m-d H:i:s', $fi->getMTime()) . '</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $fi->getFileName() . ' is ' . ($fi->isDir() ? '' : 'not') . ' a directory</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $fi->getFileName() . ' is ' . ($fi->isFile() ? '' : 'not') . ' a file</p>' . PHP_EOL;
echo '<p>The file ' . $fi->getFileName() . ' is ' . ($fi->isLink() ? '' : 'not') . ' a shortcut</p>' . PHP_EOL;
// EOF</code></pre></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>SPL and files (3)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Example (file read)
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/spl_fileread.php"><?php
$lines = new SPLFileObject(__DIR__ . '/testfile.txt');
// Loop through our array, show line and line numbers too.
foreach ($lines as $line_num => $line) {
echo '<strong>#' . $line_num . ':</strong> ' . $line . '<br />' . PHP_EOL;
}
// EOF</code></pre></li>
<li class="fragment">Downside of <code>SplFileObject</code>: it's line-oriented
<ul>
<li class="fragment">→ There's no <code>SplFileObject</code>-version of <code>file_get_contents()</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>SPL and directories</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">SPL contains a <code>DirectoryIterator</code> class — which extends <code>SPLFileInfo</code> (!) — a simple interface for viewing the contents of filesystem directories <em>(<a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.directoryiterator.php">phpdocs</a>)</em></li>
<li class="fragment">
Example
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/spl_dirread.php"><?php
$myBaseDir = __DIR__;
$di = new DirectoryIterator($myBaseDir);
foreach ($di as $file) {
// exclude . and .. + we don't want directories
if (!$file->isDot() && !$file->isDir()) {
echo $file . '<br />' . PHP_EOL;
}
}
// EOF</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Dealing with errors</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
If you try to access a file/folder that doesn't exist using the SPL classes, PHP will throw an <code>Exception</code>
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/spl_exception_01.php"><?php
$di = new DirectoryIterator('/this/path/does/not/exist');
// EOF</code></pre>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
Use a <code>try</code>/<code>catch</code> to properly handle it
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/spl_exception_02.php"><?php
try {
$di = new DirectoryIterator('/this/path/does/not/exist');
} catch (Exception $e) {
echo 'There was an error: <br />' . $e->getMessage();
}
// EOF</code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Oldskool vs. SPL</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Summary / What to use when?</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Use the SPL classes for
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Looping directories → <code>DirectoryIterator</code></li>
<li class="fragment">Fetching file info → <code>SplFileInfo</code> and <code>SplFileObject</code></li>
<li class="fragment">Reading file contents line by line, Reading CSV files → <code>SplFileObject</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Use the oldskool functions for
<ul>
<li class="fragment">Deleting files → <code>unlink()</code></li>
<li class="fragment">Copying files → <code>copy()</code></li>
<li class="fragment">Renaming/Moving files → <code>rename()</code></li>
<li class="fragment">Fetching/Manipulating file contents (in its entirety) → <code>file_get_contents()</code> and <code>file_put_contents()</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>File Uploads</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Handling file uploads (1)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Files are uploaded into a temp location. You'll need to move them manually using <code>move_uploaded_file()</code>
</li>
<li class="fragment">
PHP will populate a <em>superglobal</em> named <code>$_FILES</code> containing that temp location per file.
</li>
</ul>
<footer class="fragment">Don't forget: make sure your webserver has the proper permissions!</footer>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Handling file uploads (2)</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Example
<pre class="bigger"><code class="language-php" data-overlay-example="assets/05/examples/upload.php"><?php
if (isset($_FILES['avatar'])) {
echo '<p>Uploaded file: ' . $_FILES['avatar']['name'] . '</p>';
echo '<p>Temp location: ' . $_FILES['avatar']['tmp_name'] . '</p>';
echo '<p>Size: ' . $_FILES['avatar']['size'] . '</p>';
if (!in_array((new SplFileInfo($_FILES['avatar']['name']))->getExtension(), array('jpeg', 'jpg', 'png', 'gif'))) {
exit('<p>Invalid extension. Only .jpeg, .jpg, .png or .gif allowed</p>');
}
@move_uploaded_file($_FILES['avatar']['tmp_name'], __DIR__ . DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR . $_FILES['avatar']['name']) or die('<p>Error while saving file in the uploads folder</p>');
echo '<p><img src=' . $_FILES['avatar']['name'] . ' alt="" /><p>';
}
?>
<form action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF'];?>" method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data" >
<input type="file" name="avatar" id="avatar" /><input type="submit" />
</form></code></pre>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Security / Best Practices</h2>
<ul>
<li class="fragment">
Provide a separate, dedicated folder to store all uploads in
<ul>
<li>e.g. <code>files/</code></li>
<li>Use subfolders where appropriate, e.g. <code>files/photoalbums/1</code> and <code>files/photoalbums/2</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Rename files when moving them to prevent name conflicts
<ul>
<li> e.g. give photos in photoalbums a sequential name such as <code>1.jpg</code>, <code>2.jpg</code>, etc.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="fragment" style="margin-top: 1em;">
Always limit the allowed file extensions
<ul>
<li>You don't want one to upload a <code>.php</code> file, right?</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<!-- The END -->
<section>
<section>
<h2>Questions?</h2>
<footer>
<em><a href="http://www.ikdoeict.be/">ikdoeict.be</a> — <a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a></em>
</footer>
</section>
</section>
<!-- Summary -->
<section id="summary">
<section>
<h2>Code summary</h2>
<p style="margin-top: 5.5em;"><em>A code-only summary of this chapter available is at <a href="05.files.and.folders.summary.html">05.files.and.folders.summary.html</a></em></p>
<footer>
<em>Note: not all information from these slides can be found in this summary!</em>
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</section>
</section>
<!-- Sources -->
<section id="sources">
<section>
<h2>Sources</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.open-basedir">http://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.open-basedir</a></li>
<li><a href="http://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.upload-max-filesize">http://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.upload-max-filesize</a></li>
<li><a href="http://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.post-max-size">http://php.net/manual/en/ini.core.php#ini.post-max-size</a></li>
<li><a href="http://php.net/manual/en/book.spl.php">http://php.net/manual/en/book.spl.php</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.splfileinfo.php">http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.splfileinfo.php</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.splfileobject.php">http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.splfileobject.php</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.directoryiterator.php">http://www.php.net/manual/en/class.directoryiterator.php</a></li>
<li><a href="http://php.net/manual/en/language.constants.predefined.php">http://php.net/manual/en/language.constants.predefined.php</a></li>
</ul>
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