From d60cbe419e52ac6296684c823e37d14ac6e00107 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 15:51:33 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 1/7] Motoko parallel calls example --- motoko/parallel_calls/Cargo.lock | 1897 +++++++++++++++++ motoko/parallel_calls/Cargo.toml | 3 + motoko/parallel_calls/Makefile | 21 + motoko/parallel_calls/README.md | 121 ++ motoko/parallel_calls/dfx.json | 20 + motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/Cargo.toml | 10 + .../parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs | 79 + motoko/parallel_calls/rust-toolchain.toml | 3 + motoko/parallel_calls/src/callee/main.mo | 3 + motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo | 60 + 10 files changed, 2217 insertions(+) create mode 100644 motoko/parallel_calls/Cargo.lock create mode 100644 motoko/parallel_calls/Cargo.toml create mode 100644 motoko/parallel_calls/Makefile create mode 100644 motoko/parallel_calls/README.md create mode 100644 motoko/parallel_calls/dfx.json create mode 100644 motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/Cargo.toml 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b/motoko/parallel_calls/Cargo.toml @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[workspace] +members = ["multi_subnet"] +resolver = "2" diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/Makefile b/motoko/parallel_calls/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c6636ce91 --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +.PHONY: all +all: test + +.PHONY: deploy +.SILENT: deploy +build: + dfx deploy + +.PHONY: test +.SILENT: test +test: build + dfx canister call caller setup_callee "(principal \"`dfx canister id callee`\")" + dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 100 | grep '(100 : nat)' && echo 'PASS' + dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 100 | grep '(100 : nat)' && echo 'PASS' + dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 2000 | grep '(2_000 : nat)' && echo 'PASS' + dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 2000 | grep '(500 : nat)' && echo 'PASS' + +.PHONY: clean +.SILENT: clean +clean: + rm -rf .dfx \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md b/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..060165361 --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +--- +keywords: [advanced, motoko, defi] +--- + +# Parallel inter-canister calls + +[View this sample code on GitHub](https://github.com/dfinity/examples/tree/master/motoko/parallel_calls). + +## Overview + +This example demonstrates how to implement inter-canister calls that run in parallel in Motoko, and highlights some differences between parallel and sequential calls. Running independent calls in parallel can lower the latency, especially when messages are sent across subnets. For example, a canister that swaps two tokens might want to launch both token transfer operations in parallel. + +## Architecture + +The sample code revolves around two simple canisters, `caller` and `callee`. `Caller` has three endpoints: +1. `setup_callee`, to set the ID of the callee canister. +2. `sequential_calls` and `parallel_calls`, which both take a number `n` and issue `n` calls to the callee, returning the number of successful calls. The former performs calls sequentially, the latter in parallel. + +The callee exposes a simple `ping` endpoint that takes no parameters and returns nothing. + +## Prerequisites + +To run this example you should: + +- [x] Install the [IC SDK](https://internetcomputer.org/docs/current/developer-docs/setup/install/index.mdx). +- [x] Clone the example dapp project: `git clone https://github.com/dfinity/examples` + +## Running the example + +Begin by opening a terminal window. + +### Step 1: Navigate into the example folder and start a local Internet Computer replica + +```bash +cd examples/rust/parallel_calls +dfx start --background +``` + +### Step 2: Deploy the canister + +```bash +dfx deploy +``` + +### Step 3: Set up the caller canister + +We now provide the ID of the callee to the caller, such that the caller can initiate calls. +``` +dfx canister call caller setup_callee "(principal \"`dfx canister id callee`\")" +``` + +### Step 4: Invoke sequential and parallel calls + +Let's first call the different endpoints of the `caller` canister using `dfx` + +```bash +dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 100 +``` + +This should output: +```bash +(100 : nat64) +``` + +And the other endpoint: + +```bash +dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 100 +``` + +which outputs: + +```bash +(100 : nat64) +``` + +The results are identical: all calls succeed. There also isn't a large difference in performance between these calls: + +```bash +time dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 100 +(100 : nat64) +dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 100 0.11s user 0.03s system 7% cpu 1.848 total +time dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 100 +(100 : nat64) +dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 100 0.11s user 0.03s system 8% cpu 1.728 total +``` + +The reason why the performance is similar is because the local replica has only a single subnet. Inter-canister calls normally have almost no latency on a single subnet, so it doesn't matter much if we run them sequentially or in parallel. + +However, once we increase the number of calls, we observe a difference in both the results and performance. + +```bash +time dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 2000 +(2_000 : nat64) +dfx canister call caller sequential_calls 2000 0.18s user 0.03s system 1% cpu 15.587 total +time dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 2000 +(500 : nat64) +dfx canister call caller parallel_calls 2000 0.11s user 0.03s system 4% cpu 3.524 total +``` + +All the sequential calls succeed, but most parallel calls fail. The reason is that the replica imposes a limit on the number of in-flight calls a canister can make (in particular, to a different canister). Doing the calls sequentially yields only one in-flight call at a time. However, too many parallel calls exceed the limit, after which the calls start failing. Note that it's also possible to hit this limit with sequential calls under high load (if `sequential_call` was itself called many times in parallel). If such limits are hit, immediate retries will also fail; retries should be done in a timer or a heartbeat instead. + +Lastly, the parallel calls here complete sooner -- because most of them fail! + +### Step 5: Multi-subnet setting + +Parallel calls are a lot more useful in multi-subnet settings. We can create such a setting locally using Pocket IC. + +First, follow the [installation instructions](https://github.com/dfinity/pocketic) to install `pocket-ic` in the `parallel_calls` directory. + +Then, run the pre-made test, which now installs the `caller` and `callee` canisters on different subnets, and then runs 90 calls sequentially/in parallel. + +``` +CALLER_WASM=.dfx/local/canisters/caller/caller.wasm CALLEE_WASM=.dfx/local/canisters/callee/callee.wasm cargo run + Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.10s + Running `target/debug/multi_subnet` +Sequential calls: 90/90 successful calls in 1.976396917s +Parallel calls: 90/90 successful calls in 353.738958ms +``` + +As you can see, parallel calls run a lot faster than sequential calls here. The difference on the IC mainnet would be significantly larger still, as Pocket IC executes rounds much faster than the IC mainnet. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/dfx.json b/motoko/parallel_calls/dfx.json new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11a3099ba --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/dfx.json @@ -0,0 +1,20 @@ +{ + "canisters": { + "caller": { + "main": "src/caller/main.mo", + "type": "motoko" + }, + "callee": { + "main": "src/callee/main.mo", + "type": "motoko" + } + }, + "defaults": { + "build": { + "args": "", + "packtool": "" + } + }, + "output_env_file": ".env", + "version": 1 +} diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/Cargo.toml b/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/Cargo.toml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d4226b788 --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/Cargo.toml @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +[package] +name = "multi_subnet" +version = "0.1.0" +edition = "2021" + +# See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html + +[dependencies] +pocket-ic = "3.1.0" +candid = "0.10" diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs b/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs new file mode 100644 index 000000000..85917634b --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +use candid::{decode_one, encode_one, Nat, Principal}; +use pocket_ic::{PocketIcBuilder, WasmResult}; +use std::time::Instant; + +const INIT_CYCLES: u128 = 2_000_000_000_000; + +fn main() { + let num_calls: Nat = Nat::from(90 as u64); + let pic = PocketIcBuilder::new() + .with_application_subnet() + .with_application_subnet() + .build(); + let app_sub_1 = pic.topology().get_app_subnets()[0]; + let app_sub_2 = pic.topology().get_app_subnets()[1]; + + let caller_id = pic.create_canister_on_subnet(None, None, app_sub_1); + pic.add_cycles(caller_id, INIT_CYCLES); + pic.install_canister(caller_id, caller_wasm(), vec![], None); + let callee_id = pic.create_canister_on_subnet(None, None, app_sub_2); + pic.add_cycles(callee_id, INIT_CYCLES); + + pic.install_canister(callee_id, callee_wasm(), vec![], None); + pic.update_call( + caller_id, + Principal::anonymous(), + "setup_callee", + encode_one(callee_id).unwrap(), + ) + .expect("Failed to set the callee canister up"); + + let sequential_start = Instant::now(); + let sequential_result = pic + .update_call( + caller_id, + Principal::anonymous(), + "sequential_calls", + encode_one(num_calls).unwrap(), + ) + .expect("Failed to execute sequential calls"); + let sequential_num_calls: Nat = match sequential_result { + WasmResult::Reply(reply) => decode_one(&reply).unwrap(), + WasmResult::Reject(code) => panic!("Unexpected reject code for sequential calls: {}", code), + }; + let sequential_duration = sequential_start.elapsed(); + + let parallel_start = Instant::now(); + let parallel_result = pic + .update_call( + caller_id, + Principal::anonymous(), + "parallel_calls", + encode_one(num_calls).unwrap(), + ) + .expect("Failed to execute parallel calls"); + let parallel_num_calls: Nat = match parallel_result { + WasmResult::Reply(reply) => decode_one(&reply).unwrap(), + WasmResult::Reject(code) => panic!("Unexpected reject code for parallel calls: {}", code), + }; + let parallel_duration = parallel_start.elapsed(); + + println!( + "Sequential calls: {}/{} successful calls in {:?}", + sequential_num_calls, num_calls, sequential_duration + ); + println!( + "Parallel calls: {}/{} successful calls in {:?}", + parallel_num_calls, num_calls, parallel_duration + ); +} + +fn caller_wasm() -> Vec { + let wasm_path = std::env::var_os("CALLER_WASM").expect("Missing caller wasm file"); + std::fs::read(wasm_path).unwrap() +} + +fn callee_wasm() -> Vec { + let wasm_path = std::env::var_os("CALLEE_WASM").expect("Missing callee wasm file"); + std::fs::read(wasm_path).unwrap() +} diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/rust-toolchain.toml b/motoko/parallel_calls/rust-toolchain.toml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b38e8f4fc --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/rust-toolchain.toml @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +[toolchain] +channel = "1.77.1" +targets = ["wasm32-unknown-unknown"] diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/src/callee/main.mo b/motoko/parallel_calls/src/callee/main.mo new file mode 100644 index 000000000..91e495223 --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/src/callee/main.mo @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +actor { + public func ping() : async () {}; +}; diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo b/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e7e5d9741 --- /dev/null +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +import List "mo:base/List"; +import Error "mo:base/Error"; +import Principal "mo:base/Principal"; +import Iter "mo:base/Iter"; + +actor { + + type callee_interface = (actor { ping : () -> async () }); + var callee = null : ?callee_interface; + + public func setup_callee(c : Principal) { + callee := ?(actor (Principal.toText(c)) : callee_interface); + }; + + public func sequential_calls(n : Nat) : async Nat { + let c = switch (callee) { + case null { + throw Error.reject("callee not set up"); + }; + case (?c) { c }; + }; + + var successful_calls = 0; + + for (i in Iter.range(1, n)) { + try { + await c.ping(); + successful_calls += 1; + } catch (e) {}; + }; + successful_calls; + }; + + public func parallel_calls(n : Nat) : async Nat { + let c = switch (callee) { + case null { + throw Error.reject("callee not set up"); + }; + case (?c) { c }; + }; + + var l = List.nil(); + + for (i in Iter.range(1, n)) { + try { + l := List.push(c.ping(), l); + } catch (e) {}; + }; + + var successful_calls = 0; + for (a in List.toIter(l)) { + try { + await a; + successful_calls += 1; + } catch (e) {}; + }; + + successful_calls; + }; +}; From 49e6b0340ce10c93c7fbf8f185a8fc52e3cfe113 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 15:55:21 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 2/7] Make the Rust version's README a tad nicer --- rust/parallel_calls/README.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/rust/parallel_calls/README.md b/rust/parallel_calls/README.md index 7c2fc5a12..3e0bba4f4 100644 --- a/rust/parallel_calls/README.md +++ b/rust/parallel_calls/README.md @@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ First, follow the [installation instructions](https://github.com/dfinity/pocketi Then, run the pre-made test, which now installs the `caller` and `callee` canisters on different subnets, and then runs 90 calls sequentially/in parallel. ``` -CALLER_WASM=target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/caller.wasm CALLEE_WASM=target/wasm32-unknown-unknown/release/callee.wasm cargo run +CALLER_WASM=.dfx/local/canisters/caller/caller.wasm CALLEE_WASM=.dfx/local/canisters/callee/callee.wasm cargo run Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.10s Running `target/debug/multi_subnet` Sequential calls: 90/90 successful calls in 1.976396917s Parallel calls: 90/90 successful calls in 353.738958ms ``` -As you can see, parallel calls run a lot faster than sequential calls here. The difference on the IC mainnet would be significantly larger still, as Pocket IC executes rounds much faster than the IC mainnet. \ No newline at end of file +As you can see, parallel calls run a lot faster than sequential calls here. The difference on the IC mainnet would be significantly larger still, as Pocket IC executes rounds much faster than the IC mainnet. From dcaf8f05b1714b1df3c4fad63244f8d0840b9aa4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 15:55:50 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 3/7] Add the Github workflow/CODEOWNERS --- .github/CODEOWNERS | 1 + .../motoko-parallel-calls-example.yml | 44 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+) create mode 100644 .github/workflows/motoko-parallel-calls-example.yml diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS index d9cd78330..2de1f47ab 100644 --- a/.github/CODEOWNERS +++ b/.github/CODEOWNERS @@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ /motoko/ios-notifications/ @dfinity/trust /motoko/life/ @dfinity/languages /motoko/minimal-counter-dapp/ @dfinity/growth +/motoko/parallel_calls/ @dfinity/languages /motoko/persistent-storage/ @dfinity/growth /motoko/phone-book/ @dfinity/growth /motoko/pub-sub/ @dfinity/growth diff --git a/.github/workflows/motoko-parallel-calls-example.yml b/.github/workflows/motoko-parallel-calls-example.yml new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa2a365c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/workflows/motoko-parallel-calls-example.yml @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +name: motoko-parallel-calls +on: + push: + branches: + - master + pull_request: + paths: + - motoko/parallel-calls/** + - .github/workflows/provision-darwin.sh + - .github/workflows/provision-linux.sh + - .github/workflows/motoko-parallel-calls-example.yml + - .ic-commit +concurrency: + group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }} + cancel-in-progress: true +jobs: + motoko-parallel-calls-darwin: + runs-on: macos-12 + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v2 + with: + submodules: recursive + - name: Provision Darwin + run: bash .github/workflows/provision-darwin.sh + - name: Rust Parallel-Calls Darwin + run: | + pushd motoko/parallel_calls + dfx start --background + make test + popd + motoko-parallel-calls-linux: + runs-on: ubuntu-20.04 + steps: + - uses: actions/checkout@v2 + with: + submodules: recursive + - name: Provision Linux + run: bash .github/workflows/provision-linux.sh + - name: Rust Parallel-Calls Linux + run: | + pushd motoko/parallel_calls + dfx start --background + make test + popd From dcceaa879578b1dd130c3ce6cffc1d38c912b9c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 16:08:05 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 4/7] Fix the path in the Motoko README --- motoko/parallel_calls/README.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md b/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md index 060165361..564dfa860 100644 --- a/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Begin by opening a terminal window. ### Step 1: Navigate into the example folder and start a local Internet Computer replica ```bash -cd examples/rust/parallel_calls +cd examples/motoko/parallel_calls dfx start --background ``` From fc182457cbe4a9eaed088ac23d83e270d34bad04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Fri, 7 Jun 2024 16:10:02 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 5/7] Fix the Rust Pocket IC driver --- motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs b/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs index 85917634b..87ad0ba78 100644 --- a/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/multi_subnet/src/main.rs @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ fn main() { caller_id, Principal::anonymous(), "sequential_calls", - encode_one(num_calls).unwrap(), + encode_one(num_calls.clone()).unwrap(), ) .expect("Failed to execute sequential calls"); let sequential_num_calls: Nat = match sequential_result { @@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ fn main() { caller_id, Principal::anonymous(), "parallel_calls", - encode_one(num_calls).unwrap(), + encode_one(num_calls.clone()).unwrap(), ) .expect("Failed to execute parallel calls"); let parallel_num_calls: Nat = match parallel_result { From a670fb67daae95d7ba09c87ff8844de1167cd73b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2024 12:34:45 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 6/7] Reverse the await order for parallel calls --- motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo b/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo index e7e5d9741..60da1984f 100644 --- a/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/src/caller/main.mo @@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ actor { } catch (e) {}; }; + // The responses on the IC will in this example come in the order of the requests in practice. + // We reverse the list to match the order of the requests here, as the Motoko scheduler has + // some overhead if the responses are awaited out of order. + l := List.reverse(l); + var successful_calls = 0; for (a in List.toIter(l)) { try { From 8b07cc030df8f594f1373aef02b26f3c7ab41813 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ognjen Maric Date: Mon, 10 Jun 2024 12:37:47 +0200 Subject: [PATCH 7/7] Reflect larger perf differences between parallel/sequential calls in the README --- motoko/parallel_calls/README.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md b/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md index 564dfa860..e91d06c3b 100644 --- a/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md +++ b/motoko/parallel_calls/README.md @@ -110,12 +110,12 @@ First, follow the [installation instructions](https://github.com/dfinity/pocketi Then, run the pre-made test, which now installs the `caller` and `callee` canisters on different subnets, and then runs 90 calls sequentially/in parallel. -``` +```bash CALLER_WASM=.dfx/local/canisters/caller/caller.wasm CALLEE_WASM=.dfx/local/canisters/callee/callee.wasm cargo run - Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.10s - Running `target/debug/multi_subnet` -Sequential calls: 90/90 successful calls in 1.976396917s -Parallel calls: 90/90 successful calls in 353.738958ms + Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.31s + Running `target/debug/multi_subnet +Sequential calls: 90/90 successful calls in 599.863583ms +Parallel calls: 90/90 successful calls in 296.402ms ``` -As you can see, parallel calls run a lot faster than sequential calls here. The difference on the IC mainnet would be significantly larger still, as Pocket IC executes rounds much faster than the IC mainnet. \ No newline at end of file +As you can see, parallel calls run a lot faster than sequential calls here. The difference on the IC mainnet would be significantly larger still, as Pocket IC executes rounds much faster than the IC mainnet.