A DolphinDB cluster consists of 4 types of nodes: controller, agent，data node, and compute node.
- Controller: The controllers are the core of a DolphinDB cluster. They collect heartbeats of agents and data nodes, monitor the status of each node, and manage metadata and transactions of the distributed file system. There is only one controller in a multi-machine cluster (except a high-availability cluster) .
- Agent: An agent executes the commands issued by a controller to start/stop local data nodes. Each physical server has one and only one agent within a cluster.
- Data node: Data are stored and queries (or more complex computations) are executed on data nodes. A physical server can be configured with multiple data nodes.
- Compute node: The compute node is used for queries and computation, including historical data queries, distributed joins, batch processing, streaming, and machine learning model training. A physical server can be configured with multiple compute nodes. Since data is not stored on a compute node, you can use
loadTableto load data from a data node to a compute node for computational work. On a compute node, you can create the database and partitioned tables, and write data to the partitioned tables by calling a write interface. However, writing data on a compute node will lead to more network overhead than a data node as the compute node need to send data to data nodes for storage.
This tutorial describes how to deploy the DolphinDB multi-machine cluster, and update the cluster and license file on Linux OS Distros. It serves as a quick start guide for you.
- 1. Deploy Multi-machine Cluster on Linux Distros
- 2. Web-Based Cluster Management
- 3. Upgrade DolphinDB Cluster
- 4. Update License File
- 5. FAQ
- Q1: Common causes of node startup failure
- Q2: Use the systemd command to start DolphinDB cluster
- Q3: Failed to access the web interface
- Q4: Roll back a failed upgrade on Linux
- Q5. Failed to update license file online
- Q6: Failed to start nodes on a cloud server
- Q7: Specify volume path
- Q8: Change configuration
- 6. See Also
The cluster architecture in this tutorial is as follows:
The internal IP addresses of the 3 servers are:
P1：10.0.0.80
P2：10.0.0.81
P3：10.0.0.82
Requirements and preparation before deployment:
- The number of nodes in the sample cluster of this tutorial exceeds the limit of the Community Edition License. So you must apply for Enterprise Edition License and update the license as described in Step 2, Chapter 1.
- The IP address of nodes should be an internal address with 10 Gigabit Ethernet. Using an external address may have an impact on the network communication between nodes.
- A DolphinDB cluster can only have one controller.
- Each server must have an agent to start or close the local data nodes.
Download DolphinDB installation package and unzip it on each physical server.
- Official website: DolphinDB
- Or you can download DolphinDB with a shell command:
wget https://www.dolphindb.com/downLinux64-Current.php -O dolphindb.zipThen extract the installation package to the specified directory (/path/to/directory):
unzip dolphindb.zip -d </path/to/directory>Note: The directory name cannot contain any space characters, otherwise the startup of the data node will fail.
With a license for Enterprise edition, you can deploy DolphinDB across multiple nodes with more CPU cores and memory. If you have an Enterprise License, please use it to replace the following license file on each physical server.
/DolphinDB/server/dolphindb.lic
(1) Configuration Files of P1 Server
Log in the P1 server and then navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/config.
- controller.cfg
Execute the following shell command to modify controller.cfg:
vim ./controller.cfg
mode=controller
localSite=10.0.0.80:8900:controller8900
dfsReplicationFactor=1
dfsReplicaReliabilityLevel=2
dataSync=1
workerNum=4
localExecutors=3
maxConnections=512
maxMemSize=8
lanCluster=0
Parameter localSite must be configured to specify IP address, port number, and alias of the controller. All other parameters can be modified as needed.
- cluster.nodes
cluster.nodes stores detailed configuration details about agents, data nodes and compute nodes. The cluster configuration file in this tutorial contains 3 agents, 2 data nodes and 1 compute node. You can configure the number of nodes as required. The configuration file is divided into two columns (localSite and mode). The parameter localSite contains the node IP address, port number and alias, which are separated by colons ":". The parameter mode specifies the node type.
❗ Node aliases are case sensitive and must be unique in a cluster.
Execute the following shell command to modify cluster.nodes of servers P1, P2, and P3:
vim ./cluster.nodes
localSite,mode
10.0.0.80:8901:P1-agent,agent
10.0.0.80:8902:P1-datanode,datanode
10.0.0.81:8901:P2-agent,agent
10.0.0.81:8902:P2-datanode,datanode
10.0.0.82:8901:P3-agent,agent
10.0.0.82:8902:P3-computenode,computenode
- cluster.cfg
Execute the following shell command to modify cluster.cfg:
vim ./cluster.cfg
maxMemSize=32
maxConnections=512
workerNum=4
localExecutors=3
maxBatchJobWorker=4
chunkCacheEngineMemSize=2
TSDBCacheEngineSize=1
newValuePartitionPolicy=add
maxPubConnections=64
subExecutors=4
lanCluster=0
enableChunkGranularityConfig=true
These configuration parameters apply to each data node and compute node in the cluster. You can modify them based on your own device.
- agent.cfg
Execute the following shell command to modify agent.cfg:
vim ./agent.cfg
mode=agent
localSite=10.0.0.80:8901:P1-agent
controllerSite=10.0.0.80:8900:controller8900
workerNum=4
localExecutors=3
maxMemSize=4
lanCluster=0
For the agent to interact the controller, the parameter controllerSite in the file agent.cfg must match with the parameter localSite in controller.cfg of the server P1. In addition, the parameter localSite must be configured to specify IP address, port number, and alias of the controller. All other parameters are optional.
(2) Configuration Files of P2 Server
Log in the P2 server and then navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/config.
- agent.cfg
Execute the following shell command to modify agent.cfg:
vim ./agent.cfg
mode=agent
localSite=10.0.0.81:8901:P2-agent
controllerSite=10.0.0.80:8900:controller8900
workerNum=4
localExecutors=3
maxMemSize=4
lanCluster=0
For the agent to interact the controller, the parameter controllerSite in the file agent.cfg must match with the parameter localSite in controller.cfg of the server P2. In addtion, the parameter localSite must be configured to specify IP address, port number, and alias of the controller. All other parameters are optional.
(3) Configuration Files of P3 Server
Log in the P3 server and then navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/config.
- agent.cfg
Execute the following shell command to modify agent.cfg:
vim ./agent.cfg
mode=agent
localSite=10.0.0.82:8901:P3-agent
controllerSite=10.0.0.80:8900:controller8900
workerNum=4
localExecutors=3
maxMemSize=4
lanCluster=0
For the agent to interact the controller, the parameter controllerSite in the file agent.cfg must match with the parameter localSite in controller.cfg of the server P3. In addtion, the parameter localSite must be configured to specify IP address, port number, and alias of the controller. All other parameters are optional.
Log in the servers P1, P2, and P3 and then navigate to /DolphinDB/server of each server. The file permissions need to be modified for the first startup. Execute the following shell command:
chmod +x dolphindb
- Start Controller
Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo of P1. Execute the following shell command:
sh startController.sh
❗ Start the controller on P1 since it is only deployed on this server.
To check whether the node was started, execute the following shell command:
ps aux|grep dolphindb
The following information indicates a successful startup:
- Start Agent
Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo of each server. Execute the following shell command:
sh startagent.sh
To check whether the node was started, execute the following shell command:
ps aux|grep dolphindb
The following information indicates a successful startup:
- Start Data Nodes and Compute Nodes
You can start or stop data nodes and compute nodes, and modify cluster configuration parameters on DolphinDB cluster management web interface. Enter the IP address and port number of the controller in the browser to navigate to the DolphinDB Web. The server address (ip:port) used in this tutorial is 10.0.0.80:8900. Below is the web interface. Log in with the default administrator account (username: admin, password: 123456). Then select the required data nodes and compute nodes, and click on the execute/stop button.
Click on the refresh button to check the status of the nodes. The following green check marks mean all the selected nodes have been turned on:
Data nodes can be used for data storage, queries and computation. The following example shows how to create databases and write data on data nodes.
First, open the web interface of the Controller, and click on the corresponding Data node to open its Shell interface (e.g. P1-datanode):
You can also enter IP address and port number of the data nodes in your browser to navigate to the Shell interface.
Execute the following script to create a database and a partitioned table：
// create a database and a partitioned table
login("admin", "123456")
dbName = "dfs://testDB"
tbName = "testTB"
if(existsDatabase(dbName)){
dropDatabase(dbName)
}
db = database(dbName, VALUE, 2021.01.01..2021.12.31)
colNames = `SecurityID`DateTime`PreClosePx`OpenPx`HighPx`LowPx`LastPx`Volume`Amount
colTypes = [SYMBOL, DATETIME, DOUBLE, DOUBLE, DOUBLE, DOUBLE, DOUBLE, INT, DOUBLE]
schemaTable = table(1:0, colNames, colTypes)
db.createPartitionedTable(table=schemaTable, tableName=tbName, partitionColumns=`DateTime)
Then, run the following scripts to generate 1-minute OHLC bars and append the data to the created partitioned table “tbName”:
// simulate OHLC data and append it to the partitioned table
n = 1210000
randPrice = round(10+rand(1.0, 100), 2)
randVolume = 100+rand(100, 100)
SecurityID = lpad(string(take(0..4999, 5000)), 6, `0)
DateTime = (2023.01.08T09:30:00 + take(0..120, 121)*60).join(2023.01.08T13:00:00 + take(0..120, 121)*60)
PreClosePx = rand(randPrice, n)
OpenPx = rand(randPrice, n)
HighPx = rand(randPrice, n)
LowPx = rand(randPrice, n)
LastPx = rand(randPrice, n)
Volume = int(rand(randVolume, n))
Amount = round(LastPx*Volume, 2)
tmp = cj(table(SecurityID), table(DateTime))
t = tmp.join!(table(PreClosePx, OpenPx, HighPx, LowPx, LastPx, Volume, Amount))
dbName = "dfs://testDB"
tbName = "testTB"
loadTable(dbName, tbName).append!(t)
For more details about the above functions, see DolphinDB user manual or the function documentation popup on the web interface.
You can check the created database and table in the Database on the left side of the web interface.
Variables you created can be checked in Local Variables. You can click on the corresponding variable name to preview the related information (including data type, size, and occupied memory size).
Return to the DFS file page of the controller to check the created partitions under the databases.
Compute nodes are used for queries and computation. The following example shows how to perform these operations in partitioned tables on a compute node.
First, open the web interface of the Controller, and then click the corresponding Compute node to open its Shell interface:
You can also enter IP address and port number of a compute node in your browser to navigate to the Shell interface.
Execute the following script to load the partitioned table:
// load the partitioned table
pt = loadTable("dfs://testDB", "testTB")
Note that only metadata of the partitioned table is loaded here. Then execute the following script to count the records for each day in table “pt“:
// If the result contains a small amount of data, you can download it to display on the client directly.
select count(*) from pt group by date(DateTime) as Date
The result will be displayed at the bottom of the web interface:
Execute the following script to caculate OHLC bars for each stock per day:
// If the result contains a large amount of data, you can assign it to a variable that occupies the server memory, and download it to display in separate pages on the client.
result = select first(LastPx) as Open, max(LastPx) as High, min(LastPx) as Low, last(LastPx) as Close from pt group by date(DateTime) as Date, SecurityID
The result is assigned to the variable result. It will not be displayed on the client directly, thus reducing the memory of the client. To check the results, click result in the Local Variables.
After completing the deployment, you can modify the cluster configuration through the Web interface of the controller.
Click Controller Config to modify the configuration parameters of controller. The following parameters are specified in controller.cfg. You can add, remove, and modify them in this web interface, and they will take effect after the controller is restarted.
❗ If the parameter localSite of the controller is modified, the parameter controllerSite in all agent.cfgs must be changed accordingly. Otherwise, the cluster will fail to run.
Click Nodes Config to modify the configuration parameters of data nodes and compute nodes. The following parameters are specified in cluster.cfg. You can add, remove, and modify them, and they will take effect after the data nodes and compute nodes are restarted.
If the nodes in a cluster are located within the same LAN, set the site information to the internal IP address for optimal network communication. To access the cluster manager via an external address, configure the publicName of the controller with an external IP address, or a domain name for HTTPS. The following script in cluster.cfg sets up the external addresses of all nodes on P1, P2, and P3, where % is a wildcard for the node alias.
P1-%.publicName=19.56.128.21
P2-%.publicName=19.56.128.22
P3-%.publicName=19.56.128.23
You also need to add the corresponding external domain name or IP address in controller.cfg.
publicName=19.56.128.21
Log in the servers P1, P2, and P3. Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo to execute the following shell command:
./stopAllNode.sh
The metadata file is created only when data is written to the multi-machine cluster. Otherwise, you can just skip this step.
- Back up the Metadata of Controller
By default, the metadata of controller is stored in the DFSMetaLog.0 file under /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/dfsMeta:
/DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/dfsMeta
If the metadata exceeds certain size limits, a DFSMasterMetaCheckpoint.0 file will also be generated.
Log in the server P1. Then navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/dfsMeta to execute the following shell commands:
mkdir backup
cp -r DFSMetaLog.0 backup
cp -r DFSMasterMetaCheckpoint.0 backup
- Back up the Metadata of Data Nodes
By default, the metadata of data nodes is stored in /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/data/<data node alias>/storage/CHUNK_METADATA. The default storage directory in this tutorial is:
/DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/data/dnode1/storage/CHUNK_METADATA
Log in the server P1. Then navigate to the above directory to execute the following shell command:
cp -r CHUNK_METADATA ../../backup
❗ If the backup files are not in the above default directory, check the directory specified by the configuration parameters dfsMetaDir and chunkMetaDir. If the two parameters are not modified but the configuration parameter volumes is specified, then you can find the CHUNK_METADATA under the volumes directory.
❗ When the server is upgraded to a certain version, the plugin should also be upgraded to the corresponding version.
- Online Upgrade
Log in the servers P1, P2, and P3. Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo to execute the following command:
./upgrade.sh
The following prompt is returned:
Type y and press Enter:
Type 1 and press Enter:
Type a version number and press Enter. To upgrade to version 2.00.9.1, for example, type 2.00.9.1 and press Enter. The following prompt indicates a successful upgrade.
- Offline upgrade
Download a new version of server package from DolphinDB website.
Upload the installation package to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo of the servers P1, P2, and P3. Take version 2.00.9.1 as an example.
Log in the servers P1, P2, and P3. Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo to execute the following command:
./upgrade.sh
The following prompt is returned:
Type y and press Enter:
Type 2 and press Enter:
Type a version number and press Enter. To upgrade to version 2.00.9.1, for example, type 2.00.9.1 and press Enter. The following prompt indicates a successful upgrade.
- Start Controller
Execute the following shell command in /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo of P1 to start the controller:
sh startController.sh
❗ Start the controller on P1 since it is only deployed on this server.
- Start Agent
Execute the following shell command in /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo of each server:
sh startagent.sh
- Start Data Nodes and Compute Nodes
You can start or stop data nodes and compute nodes, and modify cluster configuration parameters on the web interface. Enter the deployment server IP address and controller port number in the browser to navigate to the DolphinDB Web. The server address (ip:port) used in this tutorial is 10.0.0.80:8900. Below is the web interface. Log in with the default administrator account (username: admin, password: 123456). Then select the required data nodes and compute nodes, and click on the execute/stop button.
Click on the refresh button to check the status of the nodes. The following green check marks mean all the selected nodes have been turned on:
Open the web interface and execute the following script to check the current version of DolphinDB.
version()
Before updating, open the web interface of any node and execute the following code to check the expiration time:
use ops
getAllLicenses()
Check the “end_date“ to confirm whether the update is successful.
Log in the servers P1, P2, and P3. Replace an existing license file with a new one.
License file path on Linux:
/DolphinDB/server/dolphindb.lic
- Online Update
Open the web interface of any node to execute the following script:
use ops
updateAllLicenses()
The “end_date” is updated:
💡Note:
The client name of the license cannot be changed.
The number of nodes, memory size, and the number of CPU cores cannot be smaller than the original license.
The update takes effect only on the node where the function is executed. Therefore, in a cluster mode, the function needs to be run on all controllers, agents, data nodes, and compute nodes.
The license type must be either commercial (paid) or free.
- Offline Update
Restart DolphinDB cluster to complete the updates.
- Port is occupied.
If you cannot start the server, you can first check the log file of nodes under /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/log.
If the following error occurs, it indicates that the specified port is occupied by other programs.
<ERROR> :Failed to bind the socket on port 8900 with error code 98
In such case, you can change to another free port in the config file.
- The first line in cluster.nodes is empty.
If you cannot start the server, you can first check the log file of nodes under /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/log.
If the following error occurs, it means the first line in the file cluster.nodes is empty.
<ERROR> :Failed to load the nodes file [/home/DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/config/cluster.nodes] with error: The input file is empty.
In this case, remove the empty line from the file and restart the node.
- The macro variable <ALIAS> has no effect when the node is specified.
In cluster.cfg, if the macro variable <ALIAS> is used when a node is specified, e.g., P1-datanode.persistenceDir = /hdd/hdd1/streamCache/<ALIAS>, the node will not start.
P1-datanode.persistenceDir = /hdd/hdd1/streamCache/<ALIAS>
In this case, replace <ALIAS> with a specific node alias. For example:
P1-datanode.persistenceDir = /hdd/hdd1/streamCache/P1-datanode
To use macro variables for all nodes, try the following script:
persistenceDir = /hdd/hdd1/streamCache/<ALIAS>
First, create the script files controller.sh and agent.sh in the DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo directory on each server with the following scripts:
vim ./controller.sh
#!/bin/bash
#controller.sh
workDir=$PWD
start(){
cd ${workDir} && export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(dirname "$workDir"):$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
nohup ./../dolphindb -console 0 -mode controller -home data -script dolphindb.dos -config config/controller.cfg -logFile log/controller.log -nodesFile config/cluster.nodes -clusterConfig config/cluster.cfg > controller.nohup 2>&1 &
}
stop(){
ps -o ruser=userForLongName -e -o pid,ppid,c,time,cmd |grep dolphindb|grep -v grep|grep $USER|grep controller| awk '{print $2}'| xargs kill -TERM
}
case $1 in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart)
stop
start
;;
esac
vim ./agent.sh
#!/bin/bash
#agent.sh
workDir=$PWD
start(){
cd ${workDir} && export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$(dirname "$workDir"):$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
nohup ./../dolphindb -console 0 -mode agent -home data -script dolphindb.dos -config config/agent.cfg -logFile log/agent.log > agent.nohup 2>&1 &
}
stop(){
ps -o ruser=userForLongName -e -o pid,ppid,c,time,cmd |grep dolphindb|grep -v grep|grep $USER|grep agent| awk '{print $2}'| xargs kill -TERM
}
case $1 in
start)
start
;;
stop)
stop
;;
restart)
stop
start
;;
esac
Then, execute the following shell command to configure the daemon for the controller:
vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/ddbcontroller.service
The following parameters should be configured:
[Unit]
Description=ddbagent
Documentation=https://www.dolphindb.com/
[Service]
Type=forking
WorkingDirectory=/home/DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo
ExecStart=/bin/sh agent.sh start
ExecStop=/bin/sh agent.sh stop
ExecReload=/bin/sh agent.sh restart
Restart=always
RestartSec=10s
LimitNOFILE=infinity
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
❗ Specify WorkingDirectory as /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo.
Execute the following shell command to configure the daemon for the agent:
vim /usr/lib/systemd/system/ddbagent.service
The following parameters should be configured:
[Unit]
Description=ddbagent
Documentation=https://www.dolphindb.com/
[Service]
Type=forking
WorkingDirectory=/home/DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo
ExecStart=/bin/sh agent.sh start
ExecStop=/bin/sh agent.sh stop
ExecReload=/bin/sh agent.sh restart
Restart=always
RestartSec=10s
LimitNOFILE=infinity
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
❗ Specify WorkingDirectory as /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo.
Finally, execute the following shell command to start the controller:
systemctl enable ddbcontroller.service #enable the service
systemctl start ddbcontroller.service #start the service
systemctl stop ddbcontroller.service #stop the service
systemctl status ddbcontroller.service #check the status
Execute the following shell command to start the agent:
systemctl enable ddbagent.service #enable the service
systemctl start ddbagent.service #start the service
systemctl stop ddbagent.service #stop the service
systemctl status ddbagent.service #check the status
Despite the server running and the URL being correct, the web interface remains inaccessible.
A common reason for the above problem is that the browser and DolphinDB are not deployed on the same server, and a firewall is enabled on the server where DolphinDB is deployed. You can solve this issue by turning off the firewall or by opening the corresponding port.
If you cannot start DolphinDB multi-machine cluster after upgrade, you can follow steps below to roll back to the previous version.
Step 1: Restore metadata files
- Restore metadata files of controller
Log in the server where controller is deployed. Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/dfsMeta to restore metadata files from backup with the following commands:
cp -r backup/DFSMetaLog.0 ./
cp -r backup/DFSMasterMetaCheckpoint.0 ./
- Restore metadata files of data nodes
Log in the server where data nodes are deployed (e.g. P1). Navigate to /DolphinDB/server/clusterDemo/data to restore metadata files from backup with the following command:
cp -r backup/CHUNK_METADATA ./P1-datanode/storage
Step 2: Restore program files
Download the previous version of server package from the official website. Replace the server that failed to update with all files (except dolphindb.cfg, clusterDemo and dolphindb.lic) just downloaded.
Updating the license file online requires meeting the requirements described in Step 2, Chapter 4. Otherwise, you can update offline or apply for an Enterprise Edition License.
A DolphinDB cluster can be deployed on a LAN, or on cloud environment. By default, the DolphinDB cluster is deployed within a LAN (lanCluster=1) and uses UDP to monitor the heartbeats of nodes. However, the nodes on a cloud server are not necessarily located within the same LAN, and the cluster may not support UDP. On a cloud server, you must specify lanCluster=0 in controller.cfg and agent.cfg to implement communication between nodes in a non-UDP mode. Otherwise, the cluster may malfunction due to the possible failure to detect the heartbeat of a node.
A volume is a folder on a data node that holds data in a DFS database in DolphinDB. A node can have multiple volumes. For optimal performance, each volume represents a unique hard disk.
The volume path can be specified in cluster.cfg. If it is not specified, the system will use the data node alias as the path name. For example, if the node alias is P1-datanode, the system automatically creates a subdirectory P1-datanode under the home directory /DophinDB/server/clusterDemo/data of the node to store data. Note that only an absolute path can be used to specify a volume.
❗ It is recommended not to mount a remote NAS volume, which may affect the performance. If the partitions have been mounted with NFS protocol, please switch user to root to access the database. A database process started by a regular user is not allowed to read or write to the NAS disk, whereas a process started by a sudo user will cause access errors.
There are 3 ways to specify the volume path:
- Specify separately for each node
P1-datanode.volumes=/DFS/P1-datanode
P2-datanode.volumes=/DFS/P2-datanode
- Specify with wildcard characters
%and?
? represents a single character; % can represent 0, 1 or more characters.
To store the data of all the nodes ending with "-datanode" to /VOL1:
%-datanode.volumes=/VOL1
This is equivalent to:
P1-datanode.volumes=/VOL1
P2-datanode.volumes=/VOL1
- Specify with symbol ALIAS
If each volume path contains a node alias, you can use <ALIAS> to specify the volume paths. For example, to configure 2 volumes (/VOL1 and /VOL2) on each node:
volumes=/VOL1/<ALIAS>,/VOL2/<ALIAS>
This is equivalent to:
P1-datanode.volumes=/VOL1/P1-datanode,/VOL2/P1-datanode
P2-datanode.volumes=/VOL1/P2-datanode,/VOL2/P2-datanode
For more details on configuration parameters, refer to Configuration.
If you encounter performance problems, you can contact our team on Slack for technical support.
For more information, refer to DolphinDB Manual.