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outline.txt
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Outline:
Introduction
Grassroots Mapping is a... toolkit and a community.
- A series of
Defining Grassroots Mapping: toolkit, techniques, community?
- software
- interface, cartagen framework, rendering architecture
- the website
- maps produced
- the community
Novelty
Novel application of low-cost tools to well-established need for raster imagery
Novel approaches to map rendering
Strength of project: toolkit & community
Subjectivity in mapping (Beautiful Maps article)
- often imagine 'complete maps'
- OSM reference to a 'complete map of UK'
- Chris Anderson's Wired article of complete dataset
- Endless variety of possible data: Wood, Power of Maps, p.1
- not a representation of truth, but a rhetorical tool; Wood, p1?
- social construction of maps
- varying definitions of ownership, contested terrain
- 'Ground Truth' policy in OSM (http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Disputes#On_the_Ground_Rule)
- ref. West Bank mapping in Dec 2009
- mapping as testimony of use/presence/ownership by Abed's farm
The need for geospatial information
Tenure
- El Otro Sendero
- graph of informal settlement percentages
- COFOPRI
Environmental assessment
- carbon cowboys
Data politics/Open geodata
- UN-SPIDER/Google MapMaker response to Mikel Maron, Chile Earthquake
UN-HABITAT quotation
State of the art
PGIS
Jen Osha's article
Guide to Participatory GIS
Claudia Canepa's PhD dissertation
Peter Poole - Life after Tenure Mapping
- outsourcing of GIS processing typical, problems
OSM/HOT
Map Kibera, Free Map Palestine, Free Map India
Data modeling: http://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Humanitarian_OSM_Tags/Humanitarian_Data_Model
Shortcomings
Slum mapping, disaster-specific issues
architectural/infrastructural shortcomings
Proposed alternative techniques
Meet subjectivity needs
- against a canonical datastore
- solution lays in tools and formats and practices, not in a single project/datastore
- therefore GM & Cartagen are based around:
- a body of code
- a thorough documentation and guide to mapping techniques
- options to organize project: as a 'generic hub' for imagery, like OpenAerialMap, engage primarily via internet/blogs
- or, focus on collaborating with specific communities in cartographic dispute
- expand into matchmaking between mappers and communities in need, as well as supporting via mailing list
- maintain open communication with end-users, iterate back into tools:
- requests made via list: stewart long asks for masking, Crispen asks for entry of lat/lon pairs, WhereCamp folks asked for locking, Pat Coyle asked for 'natural_size' feature
Meet technical limitations
- existing solutions based around cloud systems
- this move opposite - closer to client
- needs: data under no connectivity
- multiple devices
- ownership of data/infrastructure
- FrontlineSMS, 'local' is a feature, opposite of corporate/commercial strategy
- low-AI approach; technical literacy, flexibility, admits 'misuse'
- examples: USGS overlay at WhereCamp 2010
- additon of non-map features with Warper tool
- difficulty of use of hugin, etc
- DIYDrones thread: "3 days stitching and tweaking images" (http://diydrones.com/profiles/blog/show?id=705844:BlogPost:134855&page=1#comments)
- Stewart Long uses Photoshop for most stitches (get him on record)
Emphasis on building in response to end-user needs
- this work could only be done by working with communities in cartographic dispute. See Lima case study.
Related works
Inspiration, context, history of activist/grassroots mapping
Reiterate HOT/Free Map Palestine, India, Kibera
GroundTruth, Jai Sen, A People's Atlas of Chicago
Beyond symbolic mapping: Data-driven approaches to participatory mapping
Expanding role of mapping to legal, tactical
Institute for Applied Autonomy
Evaluation criteria
'Participants' or 'collaborators'
Role of Carla, Escuelab, Shuawa
Hector as a fellow educator (interview)
'Reconceptualizing Validity' (Patti Lather, p.67)
Triangulation
Construct validity - how theory was affected by data
Face validity - how research was received by participants
Catalytic Validity - how participation transforms the situation (self-awareness/reflexivity)
Interview process
Wiki, mailing list, blog, media coverage (~ Face validity)
Tool chain
Balloon/kite Aerial Mapping (BAM/KAM)
UAV - DIYDrones and collaboration (see 'Future work')
Leveraging both expert and 'amateur'/enthusiast expertise
Connecting hobby/DIY communities with activist communities and agendas
Digital maps: reconceptualizing mapping interaction
Beyond raster mapping/Tile politics
Metadata: authorship data
Google Maps png metadata hack
GIS and broadly adopted consumer-focused mapping stacks
Cartagen dynamic rendering
Existing vector systems (Chris Schmitt's email on geowanking)
Limitations: technical, barrier-to-entry, participatory, literacy
GSS (and OSM-JSON): appropriating the HTML/CSS paradigm for data legibility and open access
Format politics: XML, JSON, RSS
Toolchain not developed in vacuum, but through collaboration and study on-site
- initial flight testing with Josh Levinger
- MIT map
- terrain, difficulty
- optimization for site: Peru, low buildings, no trees
- Peru, West Bank, India
- Following chapters document those collaborations and their fruits
#############################################################
Lima case study - information gathering, prototyping, 'designing with'
Need assessment
Potential beneficiaries/collborators: Hector, Carla/Manzanita A, CEDRO, Escuelab, Shuawa
Suitability of Peru - history of 'invasions'
- de Soto's work; tenure 9x value
- asset mapping; NiJeL, informal economies
- COFOPRI and history of ineffective state-led mapping/legalization processes
Current approaches to mapping:
COFOPRI, engineering firms, comparisons with OSM-HOT, UN-SPIDER from earlier discussion
Development as a curriculum
Importance of understand political/social role of cartography
- Communities mapped:
- Juan Pablo II
- CEDRO & Manzanita "A"
- size, ages, of kids
- outline of activities
- (Illustration of timeline)
- Introduction to mapping
- discussion: literal mapping difficult due to different mental models
- tape-measure technique -- bodystorming
- introduction to Google imagery not relevant
- Initial balloon flights
- technical issues
- difficulty in involving kids in process
- note: thought about potential for each student to build a satellite: want to try
- immediate interest & success amongst community members
- Printing & review of images
- unanticipated interest in seeing selves from above
- History & Future exercises
- Having seen community from above made representation easier
- interspersed with flights
- very specific information about construction/infrastructure from Frank & others
- maquette in 3D - unsolicited - wealth of specific information about goals
- 3 story buildings (sendero - stored wealth/bank accounts)
- explicit connection between mapping and urban planning
- real engaging activity as a corollary to mapmaking
- references to infant care (WaWaWasi), shops, flowers, soccer fields
- Project Morrinho maquettes in Brazil
- Stitching exercises
- with kids - 'rubber sheets'
- with teachers (secondary audience) - Map Warper, discussion of difficulties (see ahead)
- San Ignacio Loyola (have title and survey)
- Manzanita "A"
- usage of Photoshop primarily; fast mapping; 2-3 hrs flight, 1-2 hrs stitching
- Hector: ideal user:
- lives in an informal settlement
- teacher, interested in using this in curriculum
- community leader
- interest in tech, willing to try map warping
- difficulty in trackpad/menu usage, took notes
- engaged despite workload
- sees applicability for mapping tools in settlements
- Cantagallo A
- Escuelab - technology, art, society
- engaged with a creative group, Shuawa
- political neutrality, but obviously interested in political situations: ex: shipibo language
- narrative of 10 year stay, claim to land, contested claims, and riverbank site
- Drawing exercises
- 'amazon' home vs current home
- non-literal mapping - related to issues of veracity re: Wherecamp sugg. of children mapping with stickers
- Flights: fastest yet
- total images
- usage of hugin/SIFT/Photoshop
- Cantagallo B
- Escuelab & Sara/CEDRO
- Sr. Ricardo - possible political engagement/entanglement
- entry into SETAME site; playfulness seen as neutrality? Or just no resistance at low levels to mapping activity?
- not perceived as claim-related?
Map Warper design issues
- designed for printed maps
- large loop of interaction - overcorrection easy, no immediate feedback upon assigning GCPs
- difficulty in explaining GCPs, and necessity of javascript hack for areas without base data
- amazing for intended use, even note application in Mumbai
Evaluation based on criteria
- Interviews!!!!!!! transcribe them
- Applications of maps we made
- legal role
- import to OSM?
- World Bank mandate to map every home? do we support that goal?
- education, urban planning, NGO planning support, demonstration project
- Goals for a true 'pilot' that goes beyond information gathering and use of existing State of the art tools
- planning of new, easier interfaces and techniques
- Map Warper difficulties, speed
- discussion and 'designing with' leading to Cartagen Knitter (see later discussion)
- needs assessment - user-centric design, appropriate design
- Possibility of mapping a fast-changing community
History/future assignments make explicit the value of mapping as an activity
>>> India <<<
Project sustainability
Wiki, blog and mailing list
Incorporation of new needs through dialogue (see Evaluation Criteria > Face validity/Construct validity
Examples of community-based reformulation/innovation
Crispen's suggestion of lat/lon rectification points (mentioned above)
Pat Coyle's videos, bungee-cable design, and camera shutdown research
Illustrated Guide
Nathan Cooke, Pat Coyle
Workshops/flights
Community building, matchmaking (mentioned in strategies section above)
Future work
- Vision Workbench interface
- magnets
- bundle adjustment techniques for 3d
- Juan Pablo II need for topo, existing only SRTM2/ 30meter
- UAV work
- collaboration with various parties, MIT HALab, CBA, etc
- $500 UAV?
- Workshops
- New sites/projects/partners
- Jordan, Belize, Sumatra, Cambridge, Georgia, India, Philippines (Poole), Millenium villages (Earth Institute)
- usage as part of D-Lab
- source for OpenAerialMap
- Crisis Mapping usage
- Curricular efforts
- JumpStart, HOT, etc.
- One Satellite Per Child
- advantages of short-format
- cross-curricular possibilities
- Sites
Conclusions
- Many practitioners in this space, PGIS, OSM, etc.
- each lacks certain things
- example: OSM's failure to connect with Rede Jovem; mapping nerds, format-obsessed
- need to reconcile standards-based, central approaches with community-based, people-centric orgs
- attempt to fill some gaps, present a coherent and well-documented/tested toolchain and supporting materials
- bring in not just tech enthusiasts, but broader audience, from children/youth to activists, create dialogue
- emphasis on working tools, built through iteration and collaboration, rigor, both process and results
- long-term engagement, if possible.
- "when are you going back" - Mikel Maron
Web references:
Is There Life After Tenure? http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdfs/14507IIED.pdf#page=42
http://digitalurbanisms.tumblr.com/post/449272552/socialjusticecartography
- on Cartagen and Australia in 1980s
http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/9/1/14
- Cartagen on Health Geographics
Linda Raftree: "But when I’m sitting around with a group of people in a rural community without many services, it can be pretty hard to remember or to explain the benefits of digital mapping over low tech map making. Why should people make a digital map if they only have sporadic electricity and internet access (if at all) and not many smart phones. How will they access that digital map on a regular basis once they make it? Does the fact that they could make a digital map, necessarily mean that they should?" (http://lindaraftree.wordpress.com/2009/12/16/is-this-map-better-than-that-map/)
www.tacticaltech.org/mapsforadvocacy