Lilaisms

Lilaisms

Code concepts and functions that are specific to, and idiomatic to, the lila codebase.

How lila uses scala

Scala can be used as a better Java, or as a worse Haskell. lila definitely goes for the latter.

lila makes little use of object orientation and particularly inheritance, but:

• Immutability is required everywhere. Notable exceptions can be made:
  • in akka actors (because race conditions are no longer a concern)
  • in performance sensitive functions. In this case, the mutability must be contained in the function scope. The function must expose an immutable signature.
• Strong typing is preferred. For instance, FiniteDuration is better than Int, and case class Name(value: String) is better than String. The more the value is used in the code, and the more useful it is to type it correctly. This rule is actually loosely respected in lila, but that's the direction we're going to.

Weird shit you will only see in lila

If the function you're looking for is not here, try the scala doc or the scalaz doc.

Disclaimer

Most of these lilaisms are driven by a compulsive tendency to play code golf. However, they may also present benefits in terms of type safety. In any case, contributors are never expected to use lilaisms. You can make use of them, but a pull request will likely not be rejected because it isn't idiomatic to lila. However, immutability and type safety remain requirements (with discussable exceptions).

Debugging (actually useful)

pp

pp means print & pass, it's an inline println. It prints the value and returns it.

"foo".pp                   // prints "foo" to stdout, and returns "foo"

player.pp.make(move.pp).pp // behaves like player.make(move), but prints
                           // player, move, and the result of player.make(move)

"foo".pp("context")        // prints "context: foo" to stdout, and returns "foo"

thenPp

Like pp but applies to futures, and prints their result.

fetchUser(id).thenPp       // returns Future[Option[User]] and prints the Option[User] when available

Type aliases

For code golf purposes, common types have been aliased.

Fu[A]         // Future[A]
Funit         // Future[Unit]

Future shortcuts

def fuccess[A](a: A) = Future successful a
def fufail[A <: Throwable, B](a: A): Fu[B] = Future failed a
def fufail[A](a: String): Fu[A] = fufail(base.LilaException(a))
val funit = fuccess(())

Int functions

Reminder: In scala, a.b(c) == a b c. For instance, 1.+(2) == 1 + 2.

// I think it reads better
a atMost b                  // a min b
a atLeast b                 // a max b

Option functions

Some of these (like |) actually come from scalaz

42.some                     // Option(42) // or Some(42): Option[Int]
none[Int]                   // None: Option[Int]

maybeInt | 0                // maybeInt.getOrElse(0) // but with extra type safety
maybeInt ifTrue boolean     // maybeInt.filter(_ => boolean)
maybeInt ifFalse boolean    // maybeInt.filter(_ => !boolean)
maybeInt has value          // maybeInt contains value // but with extra type safety

~maybeInt                   // maybeInt | 0 // where 0 is provided by the Zero[Int] typeclass instance
~maybeString                // maybeString | "" // thanks to Zero[String] typeclass instance
~maybeList                  // maybeList | Nil // thanks to Zero[List[_]] typeclass instance

maybeInt ?? f               // maybeInt.fold(0)(f)
                            // e.g. 42.some ?? (_ + 1) == 43
                            //      none[Int] ?? (_ + 1) == 0
maybeString ?? f            // maybeString.fold("")(f)

// etc, with every type having a Zero instance.

Boolean functions

boolean option 42           // if (boolean) 42.some else None
                            // or 42.some ifTrue boolean

boolean ?? 42               // if (boolean) 42 else 0
boolean ?? "foo"            // if (boolean) "foo" else ""
boolean ?? List(1, 2)       // if (boolean) List(1, 2) else List.empty[Int]
boolean ?? 42.some          // if (boolean) 42.some else none
boolean ?? fuccess(42)      // if (boolean) fuccess(42) else fuccess(0)
boolean ?? asyncComputation // if (boolean) asyncComputation else funit

// etc, with every type having a Zero instance.

Future functions

val fu: Future[Int]
val f: Int => Boolean

fu dmap f                   // fu map f // but runs on the same thread (perf tweak)
fu dforeach f               // fu foreach f // but runs on the same thread (perf tweak)

fu.void                     // fu.map(_ => ()) // discards the result, returns Funit
fu inject "foo"             // fu.map(_ => "foo") // replaces the result

Sequencing futures and effects

fu >> otherFu               // fu.flatMap(_ => otherFu) // sequence without using first result
fu >>- effect               // fu andThen { case _ => effect } // run a side effect after completion

fu1 >> fu2 >>- effect1 >>- effect2 // sequences f1 and f2, then runs effect1 then effect2

val futures: List[Future[Int]]

futures.sequenceFu: Future[List[Int]] // executes all futures and return one with a list of values