diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 42e4d3f..8c42b67 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 setup(
   name = 'vit-pytorch',
   packages = find_packages(exclude=['examples']),
-  version = '1.4.2',
+  version = '1.4.3',
   license='MIT',
   description = 'Vision Transformer (ViT) - Pytorch',
   long_description_content_type = 'text/markdown',
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/ats_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/ats_vit.py
index 779c400..f3c788c 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/ats_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/ats_vit.py
@@ -110,18 +110,11 @@ def forward(self, attn, value, mask):
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -138,6 +131,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., output_num_token
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -154,6 +148,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., output_num_token
     def forward(self, x, *, mask):
         num_tokens = x.shape[1]
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -189,8 +184,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, max_tokens_per_depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, d
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _, output_num_tokens in zip(range(depth), max_tokens_per_depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, output_num_tokens = output_num_tokens, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, output_num_tokens = output_num_tokens, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
 
     def forward(self, x):
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/cait.py b/vit_pytorch/cait.py
index eac9185..f95cae2 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/cait.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/cait.py
@@ -44,18 +44,11 @@ def __init__(self, dim, fn, depth):
     def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
         return self.fn(x, **kwargs) * self.scale
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -72,6 +65,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.to_q = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim, bias = False)
         self.to_kv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 2, bias = False)
 
@@ -89,6 +83,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
     def forward(self, x, context = None):
         b, n, _, h = *x.shape, self.heads
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
         context = x if not exists(context) else torch.cat((x, context), dim = 1)
 
         qkv = (self.to_q(x), *self.to_kv(context).chunk(2, dim = -1))
@@ -115,8 +110,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0., layer_dro
 
         for ind in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                LayerScale(dim, PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)), depth = ind + 1),
-                LayerScale(dim, PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)), depth = ind + 1)
+                LayerScale(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout), depth = ind + 1),
+                LayerScale(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout), depth = ind + 1)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x, context = None):
         layers = dropout_layers(self.layers, dropout = self.layer_dropout)
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/cross_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/cross_vit.py
index b894a2f..210cbe0 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/cross_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/cross_vit.py
@@ -13,22 +13,13 @@ def exists(val):
 def default(val, d):
     return val if exists(val) else d
 
-# pre-layernorm
-
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 # feedforward
 
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -47,6 +38,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -60,6 +52,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
 
     def forward(self, x, context = None, kv_include_self = False):
         b, n, _, h = *x.shape, self.heads
+        x = self.norm(x)
         context = default(context, x)
 
         if kv_include_self:
@@ -86,8 +79,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
 
     def forward(self, x):
@@ -121,8 +114,8 @@ def __init__(self, sm_dim, lg_dim, depth, heads, dim_head, dropout):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                ProjectInOut(sm_dim, lg_dim, PreNorm(lg_dim, Attention(lg_dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout))),
-                ProjectInOut(lg_dim, sm_dim, PreNorm(sm_dim, Attention(sm_dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)))
+                ProjectInOut(sm_dim, lg_dim, Attention(lg_dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
+                ProjectInOut(lg_dim, sm_dim, ttention(sm_dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout))
             ]))
 
     def forward(self, sm_tokens, lg_tokens):
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/cvt.py b/vit_pytorch/cvt.py
index 2750284..6f214f7 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/cvt.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/cvt.py
@@ -34,19 +34,11 @@ def forward(self, x):
         mean = torch.mean(x, dim = 1, keepdim = True)
         return (x - mean) / (var + self.eps).sqrt() * self.g + self.b
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        x = self.norm(x)
-        return self.fn(x, **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, mult = 4, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Conv2d(dim, dim * mult, 1),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -75,6 +67,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, proj_kernel, kv_proj_stride, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, d
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -89,6 +82,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, proj_kernel, kv_proj_stride, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, d
     def forward(self, x):
         shape = x.shape
         b, n, _, y, h = *shape, self.heads
+
+        x = self.norm(x)
         q, k, v = (self.to_q(x), *self.to_kv(x).chunk(2, dim = 1))
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b (h d) x y -> (b h) (x y) d', h = h), (q, k, v))
 
@@ -107,8 +102,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, proj_kernel, kv_proj_stride, depth, heads, dim_head = 64
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, proj_kernel = proj_kernel, kv_proj_stride = kv_proj_stride, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, proj_kernel = proj_kernel, kv_proj_stride = kv_proj_stride, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/deepvit.py b/vit_pytorch/deepvit.py
index c86f122..a62cb7a 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/deepvit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/deepvit.py
@@ -5,25 +5,11 @@
 from einops import rearrange, repeat
 from einops.layers.torch import Rearrange
 
-class Residual(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(x, **kwargs) + x
-
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -40,6 +26,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 3, bias = False)
 
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
@@ -59,6 +46,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
 
     def forward(self, x):
         b, n, _, h = *x.shape, self.heads
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = h), qkv)
 
@@ -86,13 +75,13 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout))),
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
-            x = attn(x)
-            x = ff(x)
+            x = attn(x) + x
+            x = ff(x) + x
         return x
 
 class DeepViT(nn.Module):
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/local_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/local_vit.py
index 3163e41..afaf858 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/local_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/local_vit.py
@@ -26,16 +26,6 @@ def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
         x = self.fn(x, **kwargs)
         return torch.cat((cls_token, x), dim = 1)
 
-# prenorm
-
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 # feed forward related classes
 
 class DepthWiseConv2d(nn.Module):
@@ -52,6 +42,7 @@ class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Conv2d(dim, hidden_dim, 1),
             nn.Hardswish(),
             DepthWiseConv2d(hidden_dim, hidden_dim, 3, padding = 1),
@@ -77,6 +68,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
         self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 3, bias = False)
@@ -88,6 +80,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
 
     def forward(self, x):
         b, n, _, h = *x.shape, self.heads
+
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = h), qkv)
 
@@ -106,8 +100,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout))),
-                ExcludeCLS(Residual(PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))))
+                Residual(Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
+                ExcludeCLS(Residual(FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)))
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/max_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/max_vit.py
index 8359f0c..1c76d34 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/max_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/max_vit.py
@@ -19,20 +19,20 @@ def cast_tuple(val, length = 1):
 
 # helper classes
 
-class PreNormResidual(nn.Module):
+class Residual(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, fn):
         super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.fn = fn
 
     def forward(self, x):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x)) + x
+        return self.fn(x) + x
 
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, mult = 4, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         inner_dim = int(dim * mult)
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -132,6 +132,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.heads = dim // dim_head
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias = False)
 
         self.attend = nn.Sequential(
@@ -160,6 +161,8 @@ def __init__(
     def forward(self, x):
         batch, height, width, window_height, window_width, _, device, h = *x.shape, x.device, self.heads
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         # flatten
 
         x = rearrange(x, 'b x y w1 w2 d -> (b x y) (w1 w2) d')
@@ -259,13 +262,13 @@ def __init__(
                         shrinkage_rate = mbconv_shrinkage_rate
                     ),
                     Rearrange('b d (x w1) (y w2) -> b x y w1 w2 d', w1 = w, w2 = w),  # block-like attention
-                    PreNormResidual(layer_dim, Attention(dim = layer_dim, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, window_size = w)),
-                    PreNormResidual(layer_dim, FeedForward(dim = layer_dim, dropout = dropout)),
+                    Residual(layer_dim, Attention(dim = layer_dim, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, window_size = w)),
+                    Residual(layer_dim, FeedForward(dim = layer_dim, dropout = dropout)),
                     Rearrange('b x y w1 w2 d -> b d (x w1) (y w2)'),
 
                     Rearrange('b d (w1 x) (w2 y) -> b x y w1 w2 d', w1 = w, w2 = w),  # grid-like attention
-                    PreNormResidual(layer_dim, Attention(dim = layer_dim, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, window_size = w)),
-                    PreNormResidual(layer_dim, FeedForward(dim = layer_dim, dropout = dropout)),
+                    Residual(layer_dim, Attention(dim = layer_dim, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, window_size = w)),
+                    Residual(layer_dim, FeedForward(dim = layer_dim, dropout = dropout)),
                     Rearrange('b x y w1 w2 d -> b d (w1 x) (w2 y)'),
                 )
 
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/mobile_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/mobile_vit.py
index e0b7b8b..e391742 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/mobile_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/mobile_vit.py
@@ -22,20 +22,11 @@ def conv_nxn_bn(inp, oup, kernel_size=3, stride=1):
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout=0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.SiLU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -53,6 +44,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads=8, dim_head=64, dropout=0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -64,9 +56,10 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads=8, dim_head=64, dropout=0.):
         )
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim=-1)
-        q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(
-            t, 'b p n (h d) -> b p h n d', h=self.heads), qkv)
+
+        q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b p n (h d) -> b p h n d', h=self.heads), qkv)
 
         dots = torch.matmul(q, k.transpose(-1, -2)) * self.scale
 
@@ -88,8 +81,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout=0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads, dim_head, dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads, dim_head, dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout)
             ]))
 
     def forward(self, x):
@@ -167,11 +160,9 @@ def forward(self, x):
 
         # Global representations
         _, _, h, w = x.shape
-        x = rearrange(x, 'b d (h ph) (w pw) -> b (ph pw) (h w) d',
-                      ph=self.ph, pw=self.pw)
-        x = self.transformer(x)
-        x = rearrange(x, 'b (ph pw) (h w) d -> b d (h ph) (w pw)',
-                      h=h//self.ph, w=w//self.pw, ph=self.ph, pw=self.pw)
+        x = rearrange(x, 'b d (h ph) (w pw) -> b (ph pw) (h w) d', ph=self.ph, pw=self.pw)
+        x = self.transformer(x)        
+        x = rearrange(x, 'b (ph pw) (h w) d -> b d (h ph) (w pw)', h=h//self.ph, w=w//self.pw, ph=self.ph, pw=self.pw)
 
         # Fusion
         x = self.conv3(x)
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/nest.py b/vit_pytorch/nest.py
index 237e106..68a1fa8 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/nest.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/nest.py
@@ -24,19 +24,11 @@ def forward(self, x):
         mean = torch.mean(x, dim = 1, keepdim = True)
         return (x - mean) / (var + self.eps).sqrt() * self.g + self.b
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, mlp_mult = 4, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Conv2d(dim, dim * mlp_mult, 1),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -54,6 +46,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
         self.to_qkv = nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim * 3, 1, bias = False)
@@ -66,6 +59,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dropout = 0.):
     def forward(self, x):
         b, c, h, w, heads = *x.shape, self.heads
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = 1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b (h d) x y -> b h (x y) d', h = heads), qkv)
 
@@ -93,8 +88,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, seq_len, depth, heads, mlp_mult, dropout = 0.):
 
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         *_, h, w = x.shape
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/parallel_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/parallel_vit.py
index bd736d2..7b5ca1f 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/parallel_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/parallel_vit.py
@@ -19,18 +19,11 @@ def __init__(self, *fns):
     def forward(self, x):
         return sum([fn(x) for fn in self.fns])
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -49,6 +42,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -60,6 +54,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -77,8 +72,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, num_parallel_branches =
         super().__init__()
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
 
-        attn_block = lambda: PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout))
-        ff_block = lambda: PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))        
+        attn_block = lambda: Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)
+        ff_block = lambda: FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
 
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/pit.py b/vit_pytorch/pit.py
index 7ed257a..ba7ddef 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/pit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/pit.py
@@ -17,18 +17,11 @@ def conv_output_size(image_size, kernel_size, stride, padding = 0):
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -47,6 +40,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
         self.to_qkv = nn.Linear(dim, inner_dim * 3, bias = False)
@@ -58,6 +52,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
 
     def forward(self, x):
         b, n, _, h = *x.shape, self.heads
+
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = h), qkv)
 
@@ -76,8 +72,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/rvt.py b/vit_pytorch/rvt.py
index 5e95442..1ad51dc 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/rvt.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/rvt.py
@@ -55,14 +55,6 @@ def forward(self, x):
 
 # helper classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class SpatialConv(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim_in, dim_out, kernel, bias = False):
         super().__init__()
@@ -86,6 +78,7 @@ class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0., use_glu = True):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim * 2 if use_glu else hidden_dim),
             GEGLU() if use_glu else nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -103,6 +96,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., use_rotary = Tru
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -121,6 +115,9 @@ def forward(self, x, pos_emb, fmap_dims):
         b, n, _, h = *x.shape, self.heads
 
         to_q_kwargs = {'fmap_dims': fmap_dims} if self.use_ds_conv else {}
+
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         q = self.to_q(x, **to_q_kwargs)
 
         qkv = (q, *self.to_kv(x).chunk(2, dim = -1))
@@ -162,8 +159,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, image_size, dropout = 0
         self.pos_emb = AxialRotaryEmbedding(dim_head, max_freq = image_size)
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, use_rotary = use_rotary, use_ds_conv = use_ds_conv)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout, use_glu = use_glu))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, use_rotary = use_rotary, use_ds_conv = use_ds_conv),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout, use_glu = use_glu)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x, fmap_dims):
         pos_emb = self.pos_emb(x[:, 1:])
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/scalable_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/scalable_vit.py
index b6cf8ed..9dd3cb3 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/scalable_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/scalable_vit.py
@@ -33,15 +33,6 @@ def forward(self, x):
         mean = torch.mean(x, dim = 1, keepdim = True)
         return (x - mean) / (var + self.eps).sqrt() * self.g + self.b
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-
-    def forward(self, x):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x))
-
 class Downsample(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim_in, dim_out):
         super().__init__()
@@ -65,6 +56,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, expansion_factor = 4, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         inner_dim = dim * expansion_factor
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            ChanLayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim, 1),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -92,6 +84,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
+        self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim)
         self.to_q = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_key * heads, 1, bias = False)
         self.to_k = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_key * heads, reduction_factor, stride = reduction_factor, bias = False)
         self.to_v = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_value * heads, reduction_factor, stride = reduction_factor, bias = False)
@@ -104,6 +97,8 @@ def __init__(
     def forward(self, x):
         height, width, heads = *x.shape[-2:], self.heads
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         q, k, v = self.to_q(x), self.to_k(x), self.to_v(x)
 
         # split out heads
@@ -145,6 +140,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
+        self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim)
         self.local_interactive_module = nn.Conv2d(dim_value * heads, dim_value * heads, 3, padding = 1)
 
         self.to_q = nn.Conv2d(dim, dim_key * heads, 1, bias = False)
@@ -159,6 +155,8 @@ def __init__(
     def forward(self, x):
         height, width, heads, wsz = *x.shape[-2:], self.heads, self.window_size
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         wsz_h, wsz_w = default(wsz, height), default(wsz, width)
         assert (height % wsz_h) == 0 and (width % wsz_w) == 0, f'height ({height}) or width ({width}) of feature map is not divisible by the window size ({wsz_h}, {wsz_w})'
 
@@ -217,11 +215,11 @@ def __init__(
             is_first = ind == 0
 
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, ScalableSelfAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_key = ssa_dim_key, dim_value = ssa_dim_value, reduction_factor = ssa_reduction_factor, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, expansion_factor = ff_expansion_factor, dropout = dropout)),
+                ScalableSelfAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_key = ssa_dim_key, dim_value = ssa_dim_value, reduction_factor = ssa_reduction_factor, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, expansion_factor = ff_expansion_factor, dropout = dropout),
                 PEG(dim) if is_first else None,
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, expansion_factor = ff_expansion_factor, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, InteractiveWindowedSelfAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_key = iwsa_dim_key, dim_value = iwsa_dim_value, window_size = iwsa_window_size, dropout = dropout))
+                FeedForward(dim, expansion_factor = ff_expansion_factor, dropout = dropout),
+                InteractiveWindowedSelfAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_key = iwsa_dim_key, dim_value = iwsa_dim_value, window_size = iwsa_window_size, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
 
         self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim) if norm_output else nn.Identity()
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/sep_vit.py b/vit_pytorch/sep_vit.py
index 4b16270..d735722 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/sep_vit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/sep_vit.py
@@ -25,15 +25,6 @@ def forward(self, x):
         mean = torch.mean(x, dim = 1, keepdim = True)
         return (x - mean) / (var + self.eps).sqrt() * self.g + self.b
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-
-    def forward(self, x):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x))
-
 class OverlappingPatchEmbed(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim_in, dim_out, stride = 2):
         super().__init__()
@@ -59,6 +50,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, mult = 4, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         inner_dim = int(dim * mult)
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            ChanLayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim, 1),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -85,6 +77,8 @@ def __init__(
         self.window_size = window_size
         inner_dim = dim_head * heads
 
+        self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim)
+
         self.attend = nn.Sequential(
             nn.Softmax(dim = -1),
             nn.Dropout(dropout)
@@ -138,6 +132,8 @@ def forward(self, x):
         assert (height % wsz) == 0 and (width % wsz) == 0, f'height {height} and width {width} must be divisible by window size {wsz}'
         num_windows = (height // wsz) * (width // wsz)
 
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         # fold in windows for "depthwise" attention - not sure why it is named depthwise when it is just "windowed" attention
 
         x = rearrange(x, 'b c (h w1) (w w2) -> (b h w) c (w1 w2)', w1 = wsz, w2 = wsz)
@@ -225,8 +221,8 @@ def __init__(
 
         for ind in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, DSSA(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mult = ff_mult, dropout = dropout)),
+                DSSA(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mult = ff_mult, dropout = dropout),
             ]))
 
         self.norm = ChanLayerNorm(dim) if norm_output else nn.Identity()
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/twins_svt.py b/vit_pytorch/twins_svt.py
index ea888b8..703a506 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/twins_svt.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/twins_svt.py
@@ -42,20 +42,11 @@ def forward(self, x):
         mean = torch.mean(x, dim = 1, keepdim = True)
         return (x - mean) / (var + self.eps).sqrt() * self.g + self.b
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        x = self.norm(x)
-        return self.fn(x, **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, mult = 4, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Conv2d(dim, dim * mult, 1),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -99,6 +90,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., patch_size = 7):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
         self.to_q = nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim, 1, bias = False)
         self.to_kv = nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim * 2, 1, bias = False)
 
@@ -108,6 +100,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., patch_size = 7):
         )
 
     def forward(self, fmap):
+        fmap = self.norm(fmap)
+
         shape, p = fmap.shape, self.patch_size
         b, n, x, y, h = *shape, self.heads
         x, y = map(lambda t: t // p, (x, y))
@@ -132,6 +126,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., k = 7):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = LayerNorm(dim)
+
         self.to_q = nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim, 1, bias = False)
         self.to_kv = nn.Conv2d(dim, inner_dim * 2, k, stride = k, bias = False)
 
@@ -143,6 +139,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0., k = 7):
         )
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
+
         shape = x.shape
         b, n, _, y, h = *shape, self.heads
         q, k, v = (self.to_q(x), *self.to_kv(x).chunk(2, dim = 1))
@@ -164,10 +162,10 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, mlp_mult = 4, local_pat
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, LocalAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, patch_size = local_patch_size))) if has_local else nn.Identity(),
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout))) if has_local else nn.Identity(),
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, GlobalAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, k = global_k))),
-                Residual(PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout)))
+                Residual(LocalAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, patch_size = local_patch_size)) if has_local else nn.Identity(),
+                Residual(FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout)) if has_local else nn.Identity(),
+                Residual(GlobalAttention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout, k = global_k)),
+                Residual(FeedForward(dim, mlp_mult, dropout = dropout))
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for local_attn, ff1, global_attn, ff2 in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/vit_1d.py b/vit_pytorch/vit_1d.py
index a0e130e..c67e135 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/vit_1d.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/vit_1d.py
@@ -6,18 +6,11 @@
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.Layernorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -36,6 +29,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -47,6 +41,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -65,8 +60,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/vit_3d.py b/vit_pytorch/vit_3d.py
index 26d07c4..a2058fb 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/vit_3d.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/vit_3d.py
@@ -11,18 +11,11 @@ def pair(t):
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -41,6 +34,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -52,6 +46,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -70,8 +65,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/vit_for_small_dataset.py b/vit_pytorch/vit_for_small_dataset.py
index 4884f22..1ec79ad 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/vit_for_small_dataset.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/vit_for_small_dataset.py
@@ -13,18 +13,11 @@ def pair(t):
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim)
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -41,6 +34,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.temperature = nn.Parameter(torch.log(torch.tensor(dim_head ** -0.5)))
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -52,6 +46,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         )
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -74,8 +69,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, LSA(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                LSA(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/vit_with_patch_dropout.py b/vit_pytorch/vit_with_patch_dropout.py
index 16278d6..17648e5 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/vit_with_patch_dropout.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/vit_with_patch_dropout.py
@@ -30,18 +30,11 @@ def forward(self, x):
 
         return x[batch_indices, patch_indices_keep]
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -60,6 +53,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -71,6 +65,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -89,8 +84,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers:
diff --git a/vit_pytorch/vivit.py b/vit_pytorch/vivit.py
index 2df8f01..b95afdc 100644
--- a/vit_pytorch/vivit.py
+++ b/vit_pytorch/vivit.py
@@ -14,18 +14,11 @@ def pair(t):
 
 # classes
 
-class PreNorm(nn.Module):
-    def __init__(self, dim, fn):
-        super().__init__()
-        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
-        self.fn = fn
-    def forward(self, x, **kwargs):
-        return self.fn(self.norm(x), **kwargs)
-
 class FeedForward(nn.Module):
     def __init__(self, dim, hidden_dim, dropout = 0.):
         super().__init__()
         self.net = nn.Sequential(
+            nn.LayerNorm(dim),
             nn.Linear(dim, hidden_dim),
             nn.GELU(),
             nn.Dropout(dropout),
@@ -44,6 +37,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         self.heads = heads
         self.scale = dim_head ** -0.5
 
+        self.norm = nn.LayerNorm(dim)
         self.attend = nn.Softmax(dim = -1)
         self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
 
@@ -55,6 +49,7 @@ def __init__(self, dim, heads = 8, dim_head = 64, dropout = 0.):
         ) if project_out else nn.Identity()
 
     def forward(self, x):
+        x = self.norm(x)
         qkv = self.to_qkv(x).chunk(3, dim = -1)
         q, k, v = map(lambda t: rearrange(t, 'b n (h d) -> b h n d', h = self.heads), qkv)
 
@@ -74,8 +69,8 @@ def __init__(self, dim, depth, heads, dim_head, mlp_dim, dropout = 0.):
         self.layers = nn.ModuleList([])
         for _ in range(depth):
             self.layers.append(nn.ModuleList([
-                PreNorm(dim, Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout)),
-                PreNorm(dim, FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout))
+                Attention(dim, heads = heads, dim_head = dim_head, dropout = dropout),
+                FeedForward(dim, mlp_dim, dropout = dropout)
             ]))
     def forward(self, x):
         for attn, ff in self.layers: