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Experimental features of Kubo

This document contains a list of experimental features in Kubo. These features, commands, and APIs aren't mature, and you shouldn't rely on them. Once they reach maturity, there's going to be mention in the changelog and release posts. If they don't reach maturity, the same applies, and their code is removed.

Subscribe to ipfs#3397 to get updates.

When you add a new experimental feature to kubo or change an experimental feature, you MUST please make a PR updating this document, and link the PR in the above issue.

Raw Leaves for unixfs files

Allows files to be added with no formatting in the leaf nodes of the graph.

State

Stable but not used by default.

In Version

0.4.5

How to enable

Use --raw-leaves flag when calling ipfs add. This will save some space when adding files.

Road to being a real feature

Enabling this feature by default will change the CIDs (hashes) of all newly imported files and will prevent newly imported files from deduplicating against previously imported files. While we do intend on enabling this by default, we plan on doing so once we have a large batch of "hash-changing" features we can enable all at once.

ipfs filestore

Allows files to be added without duplicating the space they take up on disk.

State

Experimental.

In Version

0.4.7

How to enable

Modify your ipfs config:

ipfs config --json Experimental.FilestoreEnabled true

Then restart your IPFS node to reload your config.

Finally, when adding files with ipfs add, pass the --nocopy flag to use the filestore instead of copying the files into your local IPFS repo.

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works.
  • Need to address error states and failure conditions
  • Need to write docs on usage, advantages, disadvantages
  • Need to merge utility commands to aid in maintenance and repair of filestore

ipfs urlstore

Allows ipfs to retrieve blocks contents via a URL instead of storing it in the datastore

State

Experimental.

In Version

v0.4.17

How to enable

Modify your ipfs config:

ipfs config --json Experimental.UrlstoreEnabled true

And then add a file at a specific URL using ipfs urlstore add <url>

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works.
  • Need to address error states and failure conditions
  • Need to write docs on usage, advantages, disadvantages
  • Need to implement caching
  • Need to add metrics to monitor performance

Private Networks

It allows ipfs to only connect to other peers who have a shared secret key.

State

Stable but not quite ready for prime-time.

Warning

Limited to TCP transport, comes with overhead of double-encryption. See details below.

In Version

0.4.7

How to enable

Generate a pre-shared-key using ipfs-swarm-key-gen):

go install github.com/Kubuxu/go-ipfs-swarm-key-gen/ipfs-swarm-key-gen@latest
ipfs-swarm-key-gen > ~/.ipfs/swarm.key

To join a given private network, get the key file from someone in the network and save it to ~/.ipfs/swarm.key (If you are using a custom $IPFS_PATH, put it in there instead).

When using this feature, you will not be able to connect to the default bootstrap nodes (Since we aren't part of your private network) so you will need to set up your own bootstrap nodes.

First, to prevent your node from even trying to connect to the default bootstrap nodes, run:

ipfs bootstrap rm --all

Then add your own bootstrap peers with:

ipfs bootstrap add <multiaddr>

For example:

ipfs bootstrap add /ip4/104.236.76.40/tcp/4001/p2p/QmSoLV4Bbm51jM9C4gDYZQ9Cy3U6aXMJDAbzgu2fzaDs64

Bootstrap nodes are no different from all other nodes in the network apart from the function they serve.

To be extra cautious, You can also set the LIBP2P_FORCE_PNET environment variable to 1 to force the usage of private networks. If no private network is configured, the daemon will fail to start.

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works
  • More documentation
  • Improve / future proof libp2p support (see libp2p/specs#489)
    • Currently limited to TCP-only, and double-encrypts all data sent on TCP. This is slow.
    • Does not work with QUIC: go-libp2p#1432
  • Needs better tooling/UX
    • Detect lack of peers when swarm key is present and prompt user to set up bootstrappers/peering
    • ipfs-webui will not load unless blocks are present in private swarm. Detect it and prompt user to import CAR with webui.

ipfs p2p

Allows tunneling of TCP connections through Libp2p streams. If you've ever used port forwarding with SSH (the -L option in OpenSSH), this feature is quite similar.

State

Experimental, will be stabilized in 0.6.0

In Version

0.4.10

How to enable

The p2p command needs to be enabled in the config:

> ipfs config --json Experimental.Libp2pStreamMounting true

How to use

Netcat example:

First, pick a protocol name for your application. Think of the protocol name as a port number, just significantly more user-friendly. In this example, we're going to use /x/kickass/1.0.

Setup:

  1. A "server" node with peer ID $SERVER_ID
  2. A "client" node.

On the "server" node:

First, start your application and have it listen for TCP connections on port $APP_PORT.

Then, configure the p2p listener by running:

> ipfs p2p listen /x/kickass/1.0 /ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/$APP_PORT

This will configure IPFS to forward all incoming /x/kickass/1.0 streams to 127.0.0.1:$APP_PORT (opening a new connection to 127.0.0.1:$APP_PORT per incoming stream.

On the "client" node:

First, configure the client p2p dialer, so that it forwards all inbound connections on 127.0.0.1:SOME_PORT to the server node listening on /x/kickass/1.0.

> ipfs p2p forward /x/kickass/1.0 /ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/$SOME_PORT /p2p/$SERVER_ID

Next, have your application open a connection to 127.0.0.1:$SOME_PORT. This connection will be forwarded to the service running on 127.0.0.1:$APP_PORT on the remote machine. You can test it with netcat:

On "server" node:

> nc -v -l -p $APP_PORT

On "client" node:

> nc -v 127.0.0.1 $SOME_PORT

You should now see that a connection has been established and be able to exchange messages between netcat instances.

(note that depending on your netcat version you may need to drop the -v flag)

SSH example

Setup:

  1. A "server" node with peer ID $SERVER_ID and running ssh server on the default port.
  2. A "client" node.

you can get $SERVER_ID by running ipfs id -f "<id>\n"

First, on the "server" node:

ipfs p2p listen /x/ssh /ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/22

Then, on "client" node:

ipfs p2p forward /x/ssh /ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/2222 /p2p/$SERVER_ID

You should now be able to connect to your ssh server through a libp2p connection with ssh [user]@127.0.0.1 -p 2222.

Road to being a real feature

  • More documentation

p2p http proxy

Allows proxying of HTTP requests over p2p streams. This allows serving any standard HTTP app over p2p streams.

State

Experimental

In Version

0.4.19

How to enable

The p2p command needs to be enabled in the config:

> ipfs config --json Experimental.Libp2pStreamMounting true

On the client, the p2p HTTP proxy needs to be enabled in the config:

> ipfs config --json Experimental.P2pHttpProxy true

How to use

Netcat example:

First, pick a protocol name for your application. Think of the protocol name as a port number, just significantly more user-friendly. In this example, we're going to use /http.

Setup:

  1. A "server" node with peer ID $SERVER_ID
  2. A "client" node.

On the "server" node:

First, start your application and have it listen for TCP connections on port $APP_PORT.

Then, configure the p2p listener by running:

> ipfs p2p listen --allow-custom-protocol /http /ip4/127.0.0.1/tcp/$APP_PORT

This will configure IPFS to forward all incoming /http streams to 127.0.0.1:$APP_PORT (opening a new connection to 127.0.0.1:$APP_PORT per incoming stream.

On the "client" node:

Next, have your application make a http request to 127.0.0.1:8080/p2p/$SERVER_ID/http/$FORWARDED_PATH. This connection will be forwarded to the service running on 127.0.0.1:$APP_PORT on the remote machine (which needs to be a http server!) with path $FORWARDED_PATH. You can test it with netcat:

On "server" node:

> echo -e "HTTP/1.1 200\nContent-length: 11\n\nIPFS rocks!" | nc -l -p $APP_PORT

On "client" node:

> curl http://localhost:8080/p2p/$SERVER_ID/http/

You should now see the resulting HTTP response: IPFS rocks!

Custom protocol names

We also support the use of protocol names of the form /x/$NAME/http where $NAME doesn't contain any "/"'s

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs p2p streams to graduate from experiments
  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works / fits use cases
  • More documentation
  • Need better integration with the subdomain gateway feature.

FUSE

FUSE makes it possible to mount /ipfs and /ipns namespaces in your OS, allowing arbitrary apps access to IPFS using a subset of filesystem abstractions.

It is considered EXPERIMENTAL due to limited (and buggy) support on some platforms.

See fuse.md for more details.

Plugins

In Version

0.4.11

State

Experimental

Plugins allow adding functionality without the need to recompile the daemon.

Basic Usage:

See Plugin docs

Road to being a real feature

  • More plugins and plugin types
  • A way to reliably build and distribute plugins.
  • Better support for platforms other than Linux & MacOS
  • Feedback on stability

Directory Sharding / HAMT

In Version

  • 0.4.8:

    • Introduced Experimental.ShardingEnabled which enabled sharding globally.
    • All-or-nothing, unnecessary sharding of small directories.

  • 0.11.0 :

    • Removed support for Experimental.ShardingEnabled
    • Replaced with automatic sharding based on the block size

State

Replaced by autosharding.

The Experimental.ShardingEnabled config field is no longer used, please remove it from your configs.

kubo now automatically shards when directory block is bigger than 256KB, ensuring every block is small enough to be exchanged with other peers

IPNS pubsub

In Version

0.4.14 :

  • Introduced

0.5.0 :

  • No longer needs to use the DHT for the first resolution
  • When discovering PubSub peers via the DHT, the DHT key is different from previous versions
    • This leads to 0.5 IPNS pubsub peers and 0.4 IPNS pubsub peers not being able to find each other in the DHT
  • Robustness improvements

0.11.0 :

  • Can be enabled via Ipns.UsePubsub flag in config

State

Experimental, default-disabled.

Utilizes pubsub for publishing ipns records in real time.

When it is enabled:

  • IPNS publishers push records to a name-specific pubsub topic, in addition to publishing to the DHT.
  • IPNS resolvers subscribe to the name-specific topic on first resolution and receive subsequently published records through pubsub in real time. This makes subsequent resolutions instant, as they are resolved through the local cache.

Both the publisher and the resolver nodes need to have the feature enabled for it to work effectively.

Note: While IPNS pubsub has been available since 0.4.14, it received major changes in 0.5.0. Users interested in this feature should upgrade to at least 0.5.0

How to enable

Run your daemon with the --enable-namesys-pubsub flag or modify your ipfs config and restart the daemon:

ipfs config --json Ipns.UsePubsub true

NOTE:

  • This feature implicitly enables ipfs pubsub.
  • Passing --enable-namesys-pubsub CLI flag overrides Ipns.UsePubsub config.

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works
  • Pubsub enabled as a real feature

AutoRelay

In Version

  • 0.4.19 :
    • Introduced Circuit Relay v1
  • 0.11.0 :

State

Experimental, disabled by default.

Automatically discovers relays and advertises relay addresses when the node is behind an impenetrable NAT.

How to enable

Modify your ipfs config:

ipfs config --json Swarm.RelayClient.Enabled true

Road to being a real feature

  • needs testing
  • needs to be automatically enabled when AutoNAT detects node is behind an impenetrable NAT.

Strategic Providing

State

Experimental, disabled by default.

Replaces the existing provide mechanism with a robust, strategic provider system. Currently enabling this option will provide nothing.

How to enable

Modify your ipfs config:

ipfs config --json Experimental.StrategicProviding true

Road to being a real feature

  • needs real-world testing
  • needs adoption
  • needs to support all provider subsystem features
    • provide nothing
    • provide roots
    • provide all
    • provide strategic

GraphSync

State

Removed, no plans to reintegrate either as experimental or stable feature.

Trustless Gateway over Libp2p should be easier to use for unixfs usecases and support basic wildcard car streams for non unixfs.

See ipfs#9747 for more information.

Noise

State

Stable, enabled by default

Noise libp2p transport based on the Noise Protocol Framework. While TLS remains the default transport in Kubo, Noise is easier to implement and is thus the "interop" transport between IPFS and libp2p implementations.

Optimistic Provide

In Version

0.20.0

State

Experimental, disabled by default.

When the Amino DHT client tries to store a provider in the DHT, it typically searches for the 20 peers that are closest to the target key. However, this process can be time-consuming, as the search terminates only after no closer peers are found among the three currently (during the query) known closest ones. In cases where these closest peers are slow to respond (which often happens if they are located at the edge of the DHT network), the query gets blocked by the slowest peer.

To address this issue, the OptimisticProvide feature can be enabled. This feature allows the client to estimate the network size and determine how close a peer likely needs to be to the target key to be within the 20 closest peers. While searching for the closest peers in the DHT, the client will optimistically store the provider record with peers and abort the query completely when the set of currently known 20 closest peers are also likely the actual 20 closest ones. This heuristic approach can significantly speed up the process, resulting in a speed improvement of 2x to >10x.

When it is enabled:

  • Amino DHT provide operations should complete much faster than with it disabled
  • This can be tested with commands such as ipfs routing provide

Tradeoffs

There are now the classic client, the accelerated DHT client, and optimistic provide that improve the provider process. There are different trade-offs with all of them. The accelerated DHT client is still faster to provide large amounts of provider records at the cost of high resource requirements. Optimistic provide doesn't have the high resource requirements but might not choose optimal peers and is not as fast as the accelerated client, but still much faster than the classic client.

Caveats:

  1. Providing optimistically requires a current network size estimation. This estimation is calculated through routing table refresh queries and is only available after the daemon has been running for some time. If there is no network size estimation available the client will transparently fall back to the classic approach.
  2. The chosen peers to store the provider records might not be the actual closest ones. Measurements showed that this is not a problem.
  3. The optimistic provide process returns already after 15 out of the 20 provider records were stored with peers. The reasoning here is that one out of the remaining 5 peers are very likely to time out and delay the whole process. To limit the number of in-flight async requests there is the second OptimisticProvideJobsPoolSize setting. Currently, this is set to 60. This means that at most 60 parallel background requests are allowed to be in-flight. If this limit is exceeded optimistic provide will block until all 20 provider records are written. This is still 2x faster than the classic approach but not as fast as returning early which yields >10x speed-ups.
  4. Since the in-flight background requests are likely to time out, they are not consuming many resources and the job pool size could probably be much higher.

For more information, see:

Configuring

To enable:

ipfs config --json Experimental.OptimisticProvide true

If you want to change the OptimisticProvideJobsPoolSize setting from its default of 60:

ipfs config --json Experimental.OptimisticProvideJobsPoolSize 120

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works
  • Should prove at least equivalent availability of provider records as the classic approach

HTTP Gateway over Libp2p

In Version

0.23.0

State

Experimental, disabled by default.

Enables serving a subset of the IPFS HTTP Gateway semantics over libp2p /http/1.1 protocol.

Notes:

  • This feature only about serving verifiable gateway requests over libp2p:
    • Deserialized responses are not supported.
    • Only operate on /ipfs resources (no /ipns atm)
    • Only support requests for application/vnd.ipld.raw and application/vnd.ipld.car (from Trustless Gateway Specification, where data integrity can be verified).
    • Only serve data that is already local to the node (i.e. similar to a Gateway.NoFetch)
  • While Kubo currently mounts the gateway API at the root (i.e. /) of the libp2p /http/1.1 protocol, that is subject to change.
    • The way to reliably discover where a given HTTP protocol is mounted on a libp2p endpoint is via the .well-known/libp2p resource specified in the http+libp2p specification
      • The identifier of the protocol mount point under /http/1.1 listener is /ipfs/gateway, as noted in ipfs/specs#434.

How to enable

Modify your ipfs config:

ipfs config --json Experimental.GatewayOverLibp2p true

Road to being a real feature

  • Needs more people to use and report on how well it works
  • Needs UX work for exposing non-recursive "HTTP transport" (NoFetch) over both libp2p and plain TCP (and sharing the configuration)
  • Needs a mechanism for HTTP handler to signal supported features (IPIP-425)
  • Needs an option for Kubo to detect peers that have it enabled and prefer HTTP transport before falling back to bitswap (and use CAR if peer supports dag-scope=entity from IPIP-402)

Accelerated DHT Client

This feature now lives at Routing.AcceleratedDHTClient.