diff --git a/pyrolite/geochem/alteration.py b/pyrolite/geochem/alteration.py
index f6b6f922..e6795384 100644
--- a/pyrolite/geochem/alteration.py
+++ b/pyrolite/geochem/alteration.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Functions for calcuating indexes of chemical alteration.
 """
+
 import pandas as pd
 
 from ..util.log import Handle
diff --git a/pyrolite/geochem/ind.py b/pyrolite/geochem/ind.py
index 29d4fdc6..6243d852 100644
--- a/pyrolite/geochem/ind.py
+++ b/pyrolite/geochem/ind.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 ------
 * Incompatibility indexes for spider plot ordering.
 """
+
 import re
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -254,9 +255,11 @@ def simple_oxides(cation, output="string"):
 
     # for 3.6+, could use f'{cation}{1}O{c//2}',  f'{cation}{2}O{c}'
     oxides = [
-        str(cation) + str(1) + "O" + str(c // 2)
-        if not c % 2
-        else str(cation) + str(2) + "O" + str(c)
+        (
+            str(cation) + str(1) + "O" + str(c // 2)
+            if not c % 2
+            else str(cation) + str(2) + "O" + str(c)
+        )
         for c in ions
     ]
     oxides = [pt.formula(ox) for ox in oxides]
@@ -291,7 +294,7 @@ def get_cations(component: str, exclude=[], total_suffix="T"):
 
     exclude += ["O"]
     atms = pt.formula(component).atoms
-    cations = [el for el in atms.keys() if not el.__str__() in exclude]
+    cations = [el for el in atms.keys() if el.__str__() not in exclude]
     return cations
 
 
@@ -398,7 +401,7 @@ def get_ionic_radii(
     variant=[],
     source="shannon",
     pauling=True,
-    **kwargs
+    **kwargs,
 ):
     """
     Function to obtain ionic radii for a given ion and coordination [#ref_1]_
@@ -464,7 +467,7 @@ def get_ionic_radii(
                 variant=variant,
                 source=source,
                 pauling=pauling,
-                **kwargs
+                **kwargs,
             )
             for e in element
         ]
diff --git a/pyrolite/geochem/norm.py b/pyrolite/geochem/norm.py
index d2ea359e..adf898b4 100644
--- a/pyrolite/geochem/norm.py
+++ b/pyrolite/geochem/norm.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 """
 Reference compostitions and compositional normalisation.
 """
+
 import json
 from pathlib import Path
 
diff --git a/pyrolite/geochem/transform.py b/pyrolite/geochem/transform.py
index bc88aac0..0443556f 100644
--- a/pyrolite/geochem/transform.py
+++ b/pyrolite/geochem/transform.py
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 Functions for converting, transforming and parameterizing geochemical data.
 """
 
+from collections import Counter
+
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 import periodictable as pt
@@ -12,13 +14,7 @@
 from ..util.meta import update_docstring_references
 from ..util.text import remove_suffix, titlecase
 from ..util.types import iscollection
-from .ind import (
-    _common_elements,
-    _common_oxides,
-    get_cations,
-    get_ionic_radii,
-    simple_oxides,
-)
+from .ind import _common_elements, _common_oxides, get_cations, simple_oxides
 from .norm import Composition, get_reference_composition
 
 logger = Handle(__name__)
@@ -102,7 +98,7 @@ def devolatilise(
     :class:`pandas.DataFrame`
         Transformed dataframe.
     """
-    keep = [i for i in df.columns if not i in exclude]
+    keep = [i for i in df.columns if i not in exclude]
     if renorm:
         return renormalise(df.loc[:, keep])
     else:
@@ -141,7 +137,7 @@ def oxide_conversion(oxin, oxout, molecular=False):
         # Assertion of simple oxide
         assert (len(in_els) == len(out_els)) & (len(in_els) == 1)
         assert in_els == out_els  # Need to be dealing with the same element!
-    except:
+    except AssertionError:
         raise ValueError("Incompatible compounds: {} --> {}".format(in_els, out_els))
     # Moles of product vs. moles of reactant
     cation_coefficient = list(inatoms.values())[0] / list(outatoms.values())[0]
@@ -342,7 +338,7 @@ def aggregate_element(
 
     for t in targetnames:
         if t not in _df:
-            _df[t] = 0.  # avoid missing column errors
+            _df[t] = 0.0  # avoid missing column errors
 
     coeff = np.array(coeff)
     if coeff.ndim == 2:
@@ -603,7 +599,7 @@ def lambda_lnREE(
     norm_df.loc[(norm_df <= 0.0).any(axis=1), :] = np.nan  # remove zero or below
     norm_df.loc[:, ree] = np.log(norm_df.loc[:, ree])
 
-    if not (sigmas is None):
+    if sigmas is not None:
         if isinstance(sigmas, pd.Series):  # convert this to an array
             sigmas = sigmas[ree].values
 
@@ -707,7 +703,7 @@ def convert_chemistry(
     # and speciated components
     ####################################################################################
     output_compositional = [
-        i for i in to if i not in coupled_sets + noncomp + new_ratios
+        i for i in to if i not in (coupled_sets + noncomp + new_ratios)
     ]
     # check that these are all unique components
     assert len(set(output_compositional)) == len(
@@ -753,6 +749,16 @@ def convert_chemistry(
             **kwargs,
         )
 
+    # TODO: warning for duplication should also be crossed over into speciated components above.. 
+    _duplicated_cations = [
+        str(k)
+        for k, v in Counter(  # get the first cation in each component, and count duplicates
+            [get_cations(t, total_suffix=total_suffix)[0] for t in output_compositional]
+        ).items()
+        if v > 1
+    ]
+    if _duplicated_cations:
+        logger.warning("Cations duplicated in compositional components: {}. The output retains this duplication!".format(','.join(_duplicated_cations)))
     # Aggregate the singular compositional items, then get new columns
     for item in output_compositional:
         df = aggregate_element(df, to=item, logdata=logdata, molecular=molecular)
@@ -788,3 +794,5 @@ def convert_chemistry(
     else:
         logger.debug("Recalculation Done. Data not renormalised.")
         return df.loc[:, output_columns]
+        logger.debug("Recalculation Done. Data not renormalised.")
+        return df.loc[:, output_columns]
diff --git a/pyrolite/mineral/lattice.py b/pyrolite/mineral/lattice.py
index 5693823a..3850ab5c 100644
--- a/pyrolite/mineral/lattice.py
+++ b/pyrolite/mineral/lattice.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@
             doi: {hazen1979}
 
 """
+
 import numpy as np
 
 from ..util.log import Handle
diff --git a/pyrolite/mineral/mindb.py b/pyrolite/mineral/mindb.py
index 32bfe35c..16387c4b 100644
--- a/pyrolite/mineral/mindb.py
+++ b/pyrolite/mineral/mindb.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 Accessing and modifying the database across multiple with multiple threads/processes
 *could* result in database corruption (e.g. through repeated truncation etc).
 """
+
 import functools
 from pathlib import Path
 
diff --git a/pyrolite/mineral/normative.py b/pyrolite/mineral/normative.py
index 6a82317e..04dd4062 100644
--- a/pyrolite/mineral/normative.py
+++ b/pyrolite/mineral/normative.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 from ..comp.codata import close, renormalise
 from ..geochem.transform import convert_chemistry, to_molecular
+from ..util.classification import TAS
 from ..util.log import Handle
 from ..util.pd import to_frame
 from ..util.units import scale
@@ -201,8 +202,6 @@ def endmember_decompose(
 # CIPW Norm and Related functions
 ################################################################################
 
-from ..util.classification import TAS
-
 # fuctions which map <TAS field, [SiO2, Na2O + K2O]> to Fe2O3/FeO ratios.
 _MiddlemostTASRatios = dict(
     F=lambda t, x: 0.4 if x[1] > 10 else 0.3,
diff --git a/pyrolite/mineral/sites.py b/pyrolite/mineral/sites.py
index b487debd..4f5e67c2 100644
--- a/pyrolite/mineral/sites.py
+++ b/pyrolite/mineral/sites.py
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ def __init__(
         affinities={"Si{4+}": 0, "Al{3+}": 1, "Fe{3+}": 2},
         *args,
         mode="cation",
-        **kwargs
+        **kwargs,
     ):
         super().__init__(name, coordination, *args, affinities=affinities, **kwargs)
 
diff --git a/pyrolite/util/math.py b/pyrolite/util/math.py
index c98b19eb..cd104192 100644
--- a/pyrolite/util/math.py
+++ b/pyrolite/util/math.py
@@ -424,7 +424,8 @@ def signify_digit(n, unc=None, leeway=0, low_filter=True):
             if round_to <= 0:
                 fmt = int
             else:
-                fmt = lambda x: x
+                def fmt(x):
+                    return x
             sig_n = round(n, round_to)
             if low_filter and sig_n == 0.0:
                 return np.nan
@@ -604,12 +605,12 @@ def solve_ratios(*eqs, evaluate=True):
     Solve a ternary system (top-left-right) given two constraints on
     two ratios, which together describe intersecting lines/a point.
     """
-    t, l, r = sympy.symbols("t l r")
+    t, L, r = sympy.symbols("t l r")
 
     def to_sympy(t):  # rearrange to have =0 equvalent expressions
         return sympy.sympify("-".join(t.split("=")))
 
     result = sympy.solve(
-        [to_sympy(e) for e in eqs] + [to_sympy("t + l + r = 1")], (t, l, r)
+        [to_sympy(e) for e in eqs] + [to_sympy("t + l + r = 1")], (t, L, r)
     )
     return list(result.values())
diff --git a/pyrolite/util/resampling.py b/pyrolite/util/resampling.py
index cf08618e..8074b7b4 100644
--- a/pyrolite/util/resampling.py
+++ b/pyrolite/util/resampling.py
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ def _metric_name(metric):
                 msg = "Gaussian Process boostrapping not yet implemented."
                 raise NotImplementedError(msg)
             else:
-                msg = "Bootstrap method {} not recognised.".format(boostrap_method)
+                msg = "Bootstrap method {} not recognised.".format(bootstrap_method)
                 raise NotImplementedError(msg)
 
         # whether to independently estimate metric values for individual categories?
diff --git a/test/comp/comp_aggregate.py b/test/comp/comp_aggregate.py
index f1ed674c..b2e98b55 100644
--- a/test/comp/comp_aggregate.py
+++ b/test/comp/comp_aggregate.py
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
-import logging
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-
-from pyrolite.comp.aggregate import *
+import pandas as pd
+
+from pyrolite.comp.aggregate import (
+    compositional_mean,
+    cross_ratios,
+    get_full_column,
+    nan_weighted_compositional_mean,
+    nan_weighted_mean,
+    np_cross_ratios,
+    standardise_aggregate,
+    weights_from_array,
+)
 from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
 
 
diff --git a/test/comp/comp_codata.py b/test/comp/comp_codata.py
index 6784d5fb..6b2653ea 100644
--- a/test/comp/comp_codata.py
+++ b/test/comp/comp_codata.py
@@ -1,8 +1,23 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-
-from pyrolite.comp.codata import *
+import pandas as pd
+
+from pyrolite.comp.codata import (
+    ALR,
+    CLR,
+    ILR,
+    boxcox,
+    close,
+    get_ILR_labels,
+    inverse_ALR,
+    inverse_boxcox,
+    inverse_CLR,
+    inverse_ILR,
+    inverse_sphere,
+    renormalise,
+    sphere,
+)
 from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
 
 
diff --git a/test/comp/comp_impute.py b/test/comp/comp_impute.py
index 899cf536..6b01c4ed 100644
--- a/test/comp/comp_impute.py
+++ b/test/comp/comp_impute.py
@@ -1,17 +1,10 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.comp.aggregate import np_cross_ratios
-from pyrolite.comp.impute import EMCOMP, _little_sweep, _multisweep, _reg_sweep
+from pyrolite.comp.impute import EMCOMP, _little_sweep, _multisweep
 from pyrolite.util.math import augmented_covariance_matrix
-from pyrolite.util.synthetic import (
-    normal_frame,
-    normal_series,
-    random_composition,
-    random_cov_matrix,
-)
+from pyrolite.util.synthetic import random_composition, random_cov_matrix
 
 
 class TestRegSweep(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_alteration.py b/test/geochem/geochem_alteration.py
index 709751fb..8c8d083f 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_alteration.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_alteration.py
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.geochem.alteration import *
+from pyrolite.geochem.alteration import (
+    CCPI,
+    CIA,
+    CIW,
+    PIA,
+    SAR,
+    WIP,
+    IshikawaAltIndex,
+    SiTiIndex,
+)
 
 
 class TestAlterationIndicies(unittest.TestCase):
@@ -56,4 +66,4 @@ def test_CCPI_default(self):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    unittest.main()
+    unittest.main()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_ind.py b/test/geochem/geochem_ind.py
index 4e2f288a..87929848 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_ind.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_ind.py
@@ -1,6 +1,18 @@
 import unittest
 
-from pyrolite.geochem.ind import *
+import periodictable as pt
+
+from pyrolite.geochem.ind import (
+    REE,
+    REY,
+    by_incompatibility,
+    by_number,
+    common_elements,
+    common_oxides,
+    get_cations,
+    get_ionic_radii,
+    simple_oxides,
+)
 
 
 class TestGetCations(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_isotope.py b/test/geochem/geochem_isotope.py
index e678066e..c6a6ff4f 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_isotope.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_isotope.py
@@ -5,5 +5,4 @@
 
 class TestDeadtimeCorrection(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_default(self):
-        pass
         deadtime_correction(10000, 20)
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_norm.py b/test/geochem/geochem_norm.py
index 61a1368e..78ea7b39 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_norm.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_norm.py
@@ -1,8 +1,5 @@
 import unittest
 
-import numpy as np
-
-import pyrolite
 from pyrolite.geochem.norm import (
     Composition,
     all_reference_compositions,
@@ -11,8 +8,6 @@
     update_database,
 )
 from pyrolite.util.general import remove_tempdir, temp_path
-from pyrolite.util.meta import pyrolite_datafolder
-from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
 
 
 class TestComposition(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_parse.py b/test/geochem/geochem_parse.py
index 9f97f8a7..eb33d543 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_parse.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_parse.py
@@ -4,7 +4,12 @@
 import pandas as pd
 
 from pyrolite.geochem.ind import REE
-from pyrolite.geochem.parse import *
+from pyrolite.geochem.parse import (
+    check_multiple_cation_inclusion,
+    ischem,
+    repr_isotope_ratio,
+    tochem,
+)
 
 
 class TestIsChem(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_pyrochem.py b/test/geochem/geochem_pyrochem.py
index e91db243..ce516c90 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_pyrochem.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_pyrochem.py
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@
 import pyrolite.geochem
 from pyrolite.comp.codata import renormalise
 from pyrolite.geochem.norm import get_reference_composition
-from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame, normal_series
-
-# [print("# " + i) for i in dir(df.pyrochem) if "__" not in i and not i.startswith("_")]
+from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
 
 
 class TestPyrochem(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/geochem/geochem_transform.py b/test/geochem/geochem_transform.py
index 5d6d24c6..509816a9 100644
--- a/test/geochem/geochem_transform.py
+++ b/test/geochem/geochem_transform.py
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 import numpy as np
 
-from pyrolite.geochem.ind import REE
+from pyrolite.geochem.ind import REE, get_ionic_radii
 from pyrolite.geochem.norm import get_reference_composition
 from pyrolite.geochem.transform import *
 from pyrolite.util.lambdas import orthogonal_polynomial_constants
diff --git a/test/mineral/mineral_mindb.py b/test/mineral/mineral_mindb.py
index 9776f3f7..2b3dc72b 100644
--- a/test/mineral/mineral_mindb.py
+++ b/test/mineral/mineral_mindb.py
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ def test_get_olivine(self):
         self.assertIsInstance(out, pd.DataFrame)
 
     @unittest.expectedFailure
-    def test_get_olivine(self):
+    def test_get_tourmaline(self):
         out = get_mineral_group("tourmaline")
         self.assertIsInstance(out, pd.DataFrame)
 
diff --git a/test/mineral/mineral_normative.py b/test/mineral/mineral_normative.py
index 72d172be..0e995c92 100644
--- a/test/mineral/mineral_normative.py
+++ b/test/mineral/mineral_normative.py
@@ -3,14 +3,11 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.mineral.normative import (
+from pyrolite.mineral.normative import (  # MiddlemostOxRatio, _aggregate_components, _update_molecular_masses,
     CIPW_norm,
     LeMaitre_Fe_correction,
     LeMaitreOxRatio,
     Middlemost_Fe_correction,
-    MiddlemostOxRatio,
-    _aggregate_components,
-    _update_molecular_masses,
     endmember_decompose,
     unmix,
 )
diff --git a/test/mineral/mineral_sites.py b/test/mineral/mineral_sites.py
index 569f69ff..de3c01b0 100644
--- a/test/mineral/mineral_sites.py
+++ b/test/mineral/mineral_sites.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import unittest
 
-from pyrolite.mineral.sites import *
+from pyrolite.mineral.sites import AX, IX, MX, OX, TX, VX, Site
 
 
 class TestSites(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/mineral/mineral_template.py b/test/mineral/mineral_template.py
index b1bba1be..d2dd3ab0 100644
--- a/test/mineral/mineral_template.py
+++ b/test/mineral/mineral_template.py
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 import unittest
 
-from pyrolite.mineral.sites import *
-from pyrolite.mineral.template import *
+import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
+import periodictable as pt
+
+from pyrolite.mineral.sites import MX, OX, TX
+from pyrolite.mineral.template import OLIVINE, PYROXENE, Mineral, MineralTemplate
 
 
 class TestMineralTemplate(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/mineral/mineral_transform.py b/test/mineral/mineral_transform.py
index 27cc043b..f504fafc 100644
--- a/test/mineral/mineral_transform.py
+++ b/test/mineral/mineral_transform.py
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
 import unittest
 
-from pyrolite.mineral.transform import *
+import pandas as pd
+import periodictable as pt
+
+from pyrolite.mineral.transform import (
+    formula_to_elemental,
+    merge_formulae,
+    recalc_cations,
+)
 
 
 class TestFormula2Elemental(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/plot/plot_biplot.py b/test/plot/plot_biplot.py
index 99fc36e8..578710f1 100644
--- a/test/plot/plot_biplot.py
+++ b/test/plot/plot_biplot.py
@@ -1,13 +1,8 @@
 import logging
 import unittest
 
-import matplotlib.axes
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-
-from pyrolite.data.Aitchison import *
-from pyrolite.plot.biplot import *
+from pyrolite.data.Aitchison import load_hongite
+from pyrolite.plot.biplot import compositional_biplot
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
diff --git a/test/plot/plot_color.py b/test/plot/plot_color.py
index 1dc9d4af..89f04a37 100644
--- a/test/plot/plot_color.py
+++ b/test/plot/plot_color.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import matplotlib.colors
 import numpy as np
 
-from pyrolite.plot.color import *
+from pyrolite.plot.color import get_cmode, process_color
 
 
 class TestProcessColor(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/plot/plot_parallel.py b/test/plot/plot_parallel.py
index 0372eba2..d8685268 100644
--- a/test/plot/plot_parallel.py
+++ b/test/plot/plot_parallel.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import unittest
 
 import matplotlib.axes
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
 import pyrolite.data.Aitchison
 from pyrolite.plot.parallel import parallel
diff --git a/test/plot/plot_pyroplot.py b/test/plot/plot_pyroplot.py
index 507b7d1c..40af003b 100644
--- a/test/plot/plot_pyroplot.py
+++ b/test/plot/plot_pyroplot.py
@@ -5,11 +5,9 @@
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import mpltern.ternary
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-from numpy.random import multivariate_normal
 
 from pyrolite.geochem import REE
-from pyrolite.plot import density, pyroplot, spider
+from pyrolite.plot import pyroplot
 from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
diff --git a/test/plot/plot_spider.py b/test/plot/plot_spider.py
index cc3704cd..a82c61b0 100644
--- a/test/plot/plot_spider.py
+++ b/test/plot/plot_spider.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import matplotlib.axes
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
 from pyrolite.geochem import REE
 from pyrolite.plot.spider import REE_v_radii, spider
diff --git a/test/plot/plot_stem.py b/test/plot/plot_stem.py
index 1f524fb2..fb27c45e 100644
--- a/test/plot/plot_stem.py
+++ b/test/plot/plot_stem.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import matplotlib.axes
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
 from pyrolite.plot.stem import stem
 
diff --git a/test/util/util_env.py b/test/util/util_env.py
index b80fa035..9441f1f4 100644
--- a/test/util/util_env.py
+++ b/test/util/util_env.py
@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 import os
-import sys
 import unittest
 
 from pyrolite.util.env import validate_update_envvar, validate_value
@@ -10,7 +9,8 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.value = 10
 
     def test_single_validator(self):
-        v = lambda x: x > 0
+        def v(x):
+            return x > 0
         expect = True
         self.assertTrue(validate_value(self.value, v) is expect)
 
diff --git a/test/util/util_general.py b/test/util/util_general.py
index 927b7c29..741f5084 100644
--- a/test/util/util_general.py
+++ b/test/util/util_general.py
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
 
-from pyrolite.util.general import (
+from pyrolite.util.general import (  # copy_file, remove_tempdir
     Timewith,
-    copy_file,
     flatten_dict,
-    remove_tempdir,
     swap_item,
     temp_path,
 )
diff --git a/test/util/util_log.py b/test/util/util_log.py
index a17a00e6..73dfd3b0 100644
--- a/test/util/util_log.py
+++ b/test/util/util_log.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import unittest
 from io import StringIO
 
-import pyrolite.plot  # for logging checks
+import pyrolite.plot  # for logging checks  # noqa: F401
 from pyrolite.util.log import Handle, ToLogger, stream_log
 
 
@@ -77,14 +77,16 @@ def test_set_level(self):
                 logger = Handle("pyrolite", level=level)
                 self.assertTrue(logger.level == val)
 
+
 class TestToLogger(unittest.TestCase):
 
     def test_default(self):
-        logger= Handle(__name__, level='DEBUG')
+        logger = Handle(__name__, level="DEBUG")
 
-        with ToLogger(logger, 'INFO') as f:
-            f.write('Logging output from stream.')
+        with ToLogger(logger, "INFO") as f:
+            f.write("Logging output from stream.")
             f.flush()
 
+
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     unittest.main()
diff --git a/test/util/util_math.py b/test/util/util_math.py
index 12735343..45993cc7 100644
--- a/test/util/util_math.py
+++ b/test/util/util_math.py
@@ -4,7 +4,26 @@
 import pandas as pd
 from sympy import tensorcontraction
 
-from pyrolite.util.math import *
+from pyrolite.util.math import (
+    augmented_covariance_matrix,
+    equal_within_significance,
+    grid_from_ranges,
+    helmert_basis,
+    interpolate_line,
+    is_numeric,
+    isclose,
+    linrng_,
+    linspc_,
+    logrng_,
+    logspc_,
+    most_precise,
+    nancov,
+    on_finite,
+    round_sig,
+    significant_figures,
+    signify_digit,
+    symbolic_helmert_basis,
+)
 from pyrolite.util.synthetic import random_cov_matrix
 
 
diff --git a/test/util/util_meta.py b/test/util/util_meta.py
index 6b0bfb30..ede5a271 100644
--- a/test/util/util_meta.py
+++ b/test/util/util_meta.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import sys
 import unittest
 from pathlib import Path
 
diff --git a/test/util/util_multip.py b/test/util/util_multip.py
index 73d3ae97..6a105b10 100644
--- a/test/util/util_multip.py
+++ b/test/util/util_multip.py
@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 import platform
 import unittest
 
-import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
-
 from pyrolite.util.multip import combine_choices, func_wrapper, multiprocess
 
 
@@ -49,7 +46,8 @@ def test_construct(self):
 
 
 @unittest.skipIf(
-    platform.system() in ["Windows", 'Darwin'], "Bug with multiprocessing testing on Windows"
+    platform.system() in ["Windows", "Darwin"],
+    "Bug with multiprocessing testing on Windows",
 )
 class TestMultiprocess(unittest.TestCase):
     """Tests the multiprocess utility function."""
diff --git a/test/util/util_pd.py b/test/util/util_pd.py
index f43792c1..135cd97e 100644
--- a/test/util/util_pd.py
+++ b/test/util/util_pd.py
@@ -1,14 +1,21 @@
-import os
-import time
 import unittest
-from pathlib import Path
 
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 
 from pyrolite.util.general import remove_tempdir, temp_path
 from pyrolite.util.meta import subkwargs
-from pyrolite.util.pd import *
+from pyrolite.util.pd import (
+    accumulate,
+    concat_columns,
+    df_from_csvs,
+    outliers,
+    read_table,
+    to_frame,
+    to_numeric,
+    to_ser,
+    uniques_from_concat,
+)
 from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame, normal_series
 
 
@@ -137,7 +144,7 @@ def test_error_methods(self):
             with self.subTest(method=method):
                 try:
                     result = to_numeric(df, errors=method)
-                    self.assertTrue(method in [ "coerce"])
+                    self.assertTrue(method in ["coerce"])
                     self.assertTrue(pd.isnull(result.loc[0, "SiO2"]))
                 except ValueError:  # should raise with can't parse 'low'
                     self.assertTrue(method == "raise")
diff --git a/test/util/util_resampling.py b/test/util/util_resampling.py
index 0c3e9317..5c59542f 100644
--- a/test/util/util_resampling.py
+++ b/test/util/util_resampling.py
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.util.resampling import (
-    _segmented_univariate_distance_matrix,
+from pyrolite.util.resampling import (  # _segmented_univariate_distance_matrix
     add_age_noise,
     get_spatiotemporal_resampling_weights,
     spatiotemporal_bootstrap_resample,
     univariate_distance_matrix,
 )
-from pyrolite.util.spatial import great_circle_distance
 from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
 
 df = normal_frame()
diff --git a/test/util/util_spatial.py b/test/util/util_spatial.py
index 571d6fe8..98768c3d 100644
--- a/test/util/util_spatial.py
+++ b/test/util/util_spatial.py
@@ -1,17 +1,21 @@
 import unittest
 
-import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
-try:
-    import cartopy.crs as ccrs
-
-    HAVE_CARTOPY = True
-except ImportError:
-    HAVE_CARTOPY = False
 from pyrolite.util.math import isclose  # nan-equalling isclose
-from pyrolite.util.spatial import *
+from pyrolite.util.spatial import (
+    NSEW_2_bounds,
+    great_circle_distance,
+    levenshtein_distance,
+    piecewise,
+    spatiotemporal_split,
+)
+
+# try:
+#     import cartopy.crs as ccrs
+#     HAVE_CARTOPY = True
+# except ImportError:
+#     HAVE_CARTOPY = False
 
 
 class TestGreatCircleDistance(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/util/util_synthetic.py b/test/util/util_synthetic.py
index 2be7d7f0..5a7b8301 100644
--- a/test/util/util_synthetic.py
+++ b/test/util/util_synthetic.py
@@ -3,7 +3,11 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.util.synthetic import *
+from pyrolite.util.synthetic import (
+    example_spider_data,
+    random_composition,
+    random_cov_matrix,
+)
 
 
 class TestExampleSpiderData(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/util/util_text.py b/test/util/util_text.py
index a205bb33..aa908a6f 100644
--- a/test/util/util_text.py
+++ b/test/util/util_text.py
@@ -1,9 +1,19 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.util.text import *
+from pyrolite.util.text import (
+    int_to_alpha,
+    normalise_whitespace,
+    parse_entry,
+    quoted_string,
+    remove_prefix,
+    slugify,
+    split_records,
+    string_variations,
+    titlecase,
+    to_width,
+)
 
 
 class TestRemovePrefix(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/util/util_types.py b/test/util/util_types.py
index 2eaf4e21..9f915245 100644
--- a/test/util/util_types.py
+++ b/test/util/util_types.py
@@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
-import pandas as pd
 
-from pyrolite.util.types import *
+from pyrolite.util.types import iscollection
 
 
 class TestIscollection(unittest.TestCase):
diff --git a/test/util/util_units.py b/test/util/util_units.py
index 9f1663e4..f156156a 100644
--- a/test/util/util_units.py
+++ b/test/util/util_units.py
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 import unittest
 
 import numpy as np
+import pandas as pd
 
-import pyrolite
-from pyrolite.util.synthetic import normal_frame
-from pyrolite.util.units import *
 from pyrolite.util.units import __UNITS__, scale