plzero.pas

{
  This is the original pascal code from the 1976 book,
  Algorithms + Data Structures = Programs by Niklaus Wirth
  
  It was obtained from:
  
  http://www.moorecad.com/standardpascal/source.html

  The following changes were made to get it to compile
  with freepascal 2.7.1:

  identifier 'object' renamed to obj;
}
{$mode iso}

program pl0(input,output);
{pl/0 compiler with code generation}
label 99;
const norw = 11;     {no. of reserved words}
   txmax = 100;      {length of identifier table}
   nmax = 14;        {max. no. of digits in numbers}
   al = 10;          {length of identifiers}
   amax = 2047;      {maximum address}
   levmax = 3;       {maximum depth of block nesting}
   cxmax = 200;      {size of code array}
type symbol =
   (nul,ident,number,plus,minus,times,slash,oddsym,
    eql,neq,lss,leq,gtr,geq,lparen,rparen,comma,semicolon,
    period,becomes,beginsym,endsym,ifsym,thensym,
    whilesym,dosym,callsym,constsym,varsym,procsym);
    alfa = packed array [1..al] of char;
    obj = (constant,varible,proc);
    symset = set of symbol;
    fct = (lit,opr,lod,sto,cal,int,jmp,jpc);   {functions}
    instruction = packed record
                     f: fct;           {function code}
                     l: 0..levmax;     {level}
                     a: 0..amax        {displacement address}
		  end;
{   lit 0,a  :  load constant a
    opr 0,a  :  execute operation a
    lod l,a  :  load varible l,a
    sto l,a  :  store varible l,a
    cal l,a  :  call procedure a at level l
    int 0,a  :  increment t-register by a
    jmp 0,a  :  jump to a
    jpc 0,a  :  jump conditional to a   }

var ch: char;         {last character read}
    sym: symbol;      {last symbol read}
    id: alfa;         {last identifier read}
    num: integer;     {last number read}
    cc: integer;      {character count}
    ll: integer;      {line length}
    kk, err: integer;
    cx: integer;      {code allocation index}
    line: array [1..81] of char;
    a: alfa;
    code: array [0..cxmax] of instruction;
    word: array [1..norw] of alfa;
    wsym: array [1..norw] of symbol;
    ssym: array [char] of symbol;
    mnemonic: array [fct] of
                 packed array [1..5] of char;
    declbegsys, statbegsys, facbegsys: symset;
    table: array [0..txmax] of
           record name: alfa;
              case kind: obj of
              constant: (val: integer);
              varible, proc: (level, adr: integer)
           end;

procedure error(n: integer);
begin writeln(' ****',' ': cc-1, '^',n: 2); err := err+1
end {error};

procedure getsym;
   var i,j,k: integer;
 
   procedure getch;
   begin if cc = ll then
      begin if eof(input) then
                 begin write(' program incomplete'); goto 99
                 end;
         ll := 0; cc := 0; write(cx: 5,' ');
         while not eoln(input) do
            begin ll := ll+1; read(ch); write(ch); line[ll]:=ch
            end;
         writeln; readln; ll := ll + 1; line[ll] := ' ';
      end;
      cc := cc+1; ch := line[cc]
   end {getch};
 
begin {getsym}
   while ch  = ' ' do getch;
   if ch in ['a'..'z'] then
   begin {identifier or reserved word} k := 0;
      repeat if k < al then
         begin k := k+1; a[k] := ch
         end;
         getch;
      until not(ch in ['a'..'z','0'..'9']);
      if k >= kk then kk := k else
         repeat a[kk] := ' '; kk := kk-1
         until kk = k;
      id := a; i := 1; j := norw;
      repeat k := (i+j) div 2;
         if id <= word[k] then j := k-1;
         if id >= word[k] then i := k+1
      until i > j;
      if i-1 > j then sym := wsym[k] else sym := ident
   end else
   if ch in ['0'..'9'] then
   begin {number} k := 0; num := 0; sym := number;
      repeat num := 10*num + (ord(ch)-ord('0'));
         k := k+1; getch
      until not(ch in ['0'..'9']);
      if k > nmax then error(30)
   end else
   if ch = ':' then
   begin getch;
      if ch = '=' then
      begin sym := becomes; getch
      end else sym := nul;
   end else
   begin sym := ssym[ch]; getch
   end
end {getsym};

procedure gen(x: fct; y,z: integer);
begin if cx > cxmax then
           begin write(' program too long'); goto 99
           end;
   with code[cx] do
      begin f := x; l := y; a := z
      end;
   cx := cx + 1
end {gen};
 
procedure test(s1,s2: symset; n: integer);
begin if not(sym in s1) then
        begin error(n); s1 := s1 + s2;
           while not(sym in s1) do getsym
        end
end {test};

procedure block(lev,tx: integer; fsys: symset);
   var dx: integer;     {data allocation index}
      tx0: integer;     {initial table index}
      cx0: integer;     {initial code index}
   procedure enter(k: obj);
   begin {enter obj into table}
      tx := tx + 1;
      with table[tx] do
      begin name := id; kind := k;
         case k of
         constant: begin if num > amax then
                              begin error(30); num :=0 end;
                      val := num
                   end;
         varible: begin level := lev; adr := dx; dx := dx + 1;
                  end;
         proc: level := lev
         end
      end
   end {enter};
 
   function position(id: alfa): integer;
      var i: integer;
   begin {find indentifier id in table}
      table[0].name := id; i := tx;
      while table[i].name <> id do i := i-1;
      position := i
   end {position};
 
   procedure constdeclaration;
   begin if sym = ident then
      begin getsym;
         if sym in [eql, becomes] then
         begin if sym = becomes then error(1);
            getsym;
            if sym = number then
               begin enter(constant); getsym
               end
            else error(2)
         end else error(3)
      end else error(4)
   end {constdeclaration};
 
   procedure vardeclaration;
   begin if sym = ident then
           begin enter(varible); getsym
           end else error(4)
   end {vardeclaration};
 
   procedure listcode;
      var i: integer;
   begin {list code generated for this block}
      for i := cx0 to cx-1 do
         with code[i] do
            writeln(i:5, mnemonic[f]:5, 1:3, a:5)
   end {listcode};
 
   procedure statement(fsys: symset);
      var i, cx1, cx2: integer;
      procedure expression(fsys: symset);
         var addop: symbol;
         procedure term(fsys: symset);
            var mulop: symbol;
            procedure factor(fsys: symset);
               var i: integer;
            begin test(facbegsys, fsys, 24);
               while sym in facbegsys do
               begin
                  if sym = ident then
                  begin i:= position(id);
                     if i = 0 then error(11) else
                     with table[i] do
                     case kind of
                        constant: gen(lit, 0, val);
                        varible: gen(lod, lev-level, adr);
                        proc: error(21)
                     end;
                     getsym
                  end else
                  if sym = number then
                  begin if num >  amax then
                           begin error(30); num := 0
                           end;
                     gen(lit, 0, num); getsym
                  end else
                  if sym = lparen then
                  begin getsym; expression([rparen]+fsys);
                     if sym = rparen then getsym else error(22)
                  end;
                  test(fsys, [lparen], 23)
               end
            end {factor};
 
         begin {term} factor(fsys+[times, slash]);
            while sym in [times, slash] do
             begin mulop:=sym;getsym;factor(fsys+[times,slash]);
              if mulop=times then gen(opr,0,4) else gen(opr,0,5)
             end
         end {term};
      begin {expression}
         if sym in [plus, minus] then
            begin addop := sym; getsym; term(fsys+[plus,minus]);
               if addop = minus then gen(opr, 0,1)
            end else term(fsys+[plus, minus]);
         while sym in [plus, minus] do
            begin addop := sym; getsym; term(fsys+[plus,minus]);
               if addop=plus then gen(opr,0,2) else gen(opr,0,3)
            end
      end {expression};
 
      procedure condition(fsys: symset);
         var relop: symbol;
      begin
         if sym  = oddsym then
         begin getsym; expression(fsys); gen(opr, 0, 6)
         end else
         begin expression([eql, neq, lss, gtr, leq, geq]+fsys);
            if not(sym in [eql, neq, lss, leq, gtr, geq]) then
               error(20) else
            begin relop := sym; getsym; expression(fsys);
               case relop of
                  eql: gen(opr, 0, 8);
                  neq: gen(opr, 0, 9);
                  lss: gen(opr, 0, 10);
                  geq: gen(opr, 0, 11);
                  gtr: gen(opr, 0, 12);
                  leq: gen(opr, 0, 13);
               end
            end
         end
      end {condition};
 
   begin {statement}
      if sym = ident then
      begin i := position(id);
         if i = 0 then error(11) else
         if table[i].kind <> varible then
            begin {assignment to non-varible} error(12); i := 0
            end;
         getsym; if sym = becomes then getsym else error(13);
         expression(fsys);
         if i <> 0 then
            with table[i] do gen(sto, lev-level, adr)
      end else
      if sym = callsym then
      begin getsym;
         if sym <> ident then error(14) else
            begin i := position(id);
               if i = 0 then error(11) else
               with table[i] do
                  if kind=proc then gen(cal, lev-level, adr)
                  else error(15);
               getsym
            end
      end else
      if sym = ifsym then
      begin getsym; condition([thensym, dosym]+fsys);
         if sym = thensym then getsym else error(16);
         cx1 := cx; gen(jpc, 0, 0);
         statement(fsys); code[cx1].a := cx
      end else
      if sym = beginsym then
      begin getsym; statement([semicolon, endsym]+fsys);
         while sym in [semicolon]+statbegsys do
         begin
            if sym = semicolon then getsym else error(10);
            statement([semicolon, endsym]+fsys)
         end;
         if sym = endsym then getsym else error(17)
      end else
      if sym = whilesym then
      begin cx1 := cx; getsym; condition([dosym]+fsys);
         cx2 := cx; gen(jpc, 0, 0);
         if sym = dosym then getsym else error(18);
         statement(fsys); gen(jmp, 0, cx1); code[cx2].a := cx
      end;
      test(fsys, [], 19)
   end {statement};
 
begin {block} dx:=3; tx0:=tx; table[tx].adr:=cx; gen(jmp,0,0);
   if lev > levmax then error(32);
   repeat
      if sym = constsym then
      begin getsym;
         repeat constdeclaration;
            while sym = comma do
               begin getsym; constdeclaration
               end;
            if sym = semicolon then getsym else error(5)
         until sym <> ident
      end;
      if sym = varsym then
      begin getsym;
         repeat vardeclaration;
            while sym = comma do
               begin getsym; vardeclaration
               end;
            if sym = semicolon then getsym else error(5)
         until sym <> ident;
      end;
      while sym = procsym do
      begin getsym;
         if sym = ident then
            begin enter(proc); getsym
            end
         else error(4);
         if sym = semicolon then getsym else error(5);
         block(lev+1, tx, [semicolon]+fsys);
         if sym = semicolon then
            begin getsym;test(statbegsys+[ident,procsym],fsys,6)
            end
         else error(5)
      end;
      test(statbegsys+[ident], declbegsys, 7)
   until not(sym in declbegsys);
   code[table[tx0].adr].a := cx;
   with table[tx0] do
      begin adr := cx; {start adr of code}
      end;
   cx0 := 0{cx}; gen(int, 0, dx);
   statement([semicolon, endsym]+fsys);
   gen(opr, 0, 0); {return}
   test(fsys, [], 8);
   listcode;
end {block};

procedure interpret;
   const stacksize = 500;
   var p,b,t: integer; {program-, base-, topstack-registers}
      i: instruction; {instruction register}
      s: array [1..stacksize] of integer; {datastore}
   function base(l: integer): integer;
      var b1: integer;
   begin b1 := b; {find base l levels down}
      while l > 0 do
         begin b1 := s[b1]; l := l - 1
         end;
      base := b1
   end {base};
 
begin writeln(' start pl/0');
   t := 0; b := 1; p := 0;
   s[1] := 0; s[2] := 0; s[3] := 0;
   repeat i := code[p]; p := p + 1;
      with i do
      case f of
      lit: begin t := t + 1; s[t] := a
           end;
      opr: case a of {operator}
           0: begin {return}
                 t := b - 1; p := s[t + 3]; b := s[t + 2];
              end;
           1: s[t] := -s[t];
           2: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := s[t] + s[t + 1]
              end;
           3: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := s[t] - s[t + 1]
              end;
           4: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := s[t] * s[t + 1]
              end;
           5: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := s[t] div s[t + 1]
              end;
           6: s[t] := ord(odd(s[t]));
           8: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := ord(s[t] = s[t + 1])
              end;
           9: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := ord(s[t] <> s[t + 1])
              end;
          10: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := ord(s[t] < s[t + 1])
              end;
          11: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := ord(s[t] >= s[t + 1])
              end;
          12: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := ord(s[t] > s[t + 1])
              end;
          13: begin t := t - 1; s[t] := ord(s[t] <= s[t + 1])
              end;
          end;
      lod: begin t := t + 1; s[t] := s[base(l) + a]
           end;
      sto: begin s[base(l)+a] := s[t]; writeln(s[t]); t := t - 1
           end;
      cal: begin {generate new block mark}
              s[t + 1] := base(l); s[t + 2] := b; s[t + 3] := p;
              b := t + 1; p := a
           end;
      int: t := t + a;
      jmp: p := a;
      jpc: begin if s[t] = 0 then p := a; t := t - 1
           end
      end {with, case}
   until p = 0;
   write(' end pl/0');
end {interpret};

begin {main program}
   for ch := chr(0) to chr(255) do ssym[ch] := nul;
   word[ 1] := 'begin     ';      word[ 2] := 'call      ';
   word[ 3] := 'const     ';      word[ 4] := 'do        ';
   word[ 5] := 'end       ';      word[ 6] := 'if        ';
   word[ 7] := 'odd       ';      word[ 8] := 'procedure ';
   word[ 9] := 'then      ';      word[10] := 'var       ';
   word[11] := 'while     ';
   wsym[ 1] := beginsym;     wsym[ 2] := callsym;
   wsym[ 3] := constsym;     wsym[ 4] := dosym;
   wsym[ 5] := endsym;       wsym[ 6] := ifsym;
   wsym[ 7] := oddsym;       wsym[ 8] := procsym;
   wsym[ 9] := thensym;      wsym[10] := varsym;
   wsym[11] := whilesym;
   ssym[ '+'] := plus;       ssym[ '-'] := minus;
   ssym[ '*'] := times;      ssym[ '/'] := slash;
   ssym[ '('] := lparen;     ssym[ ')'] := rparen;
   ssym[ '='] := eql;        ssym[ ','] := comma;
   ssym[ '.'] := period;     ssym[ '#'] := neq;
   ssym[ '<'] := lss;        ssym[ '>'] := gtr;
   ssym[ '['] := leq;        ssym[ ']'] := geq;
   ssym[ ';'] := semicolon;
   mnemonic[lit] := '  lit';   mnemonic[opr] := '  opr';
   mnemonic[lod] := '  lod';   mnemonic[sto] := '  sto';
   mnemonic[cal] := '  cal';   mnemonic[int] := '  int';
   mnemonic[jmp] := '  jmp';   mnemonic[jpc] := '  jpc';
   declbegsys := [constsym, varsym, procsym];
   statbegsys := [beginsym, callsym, ifsym, whilesym];
   facbegsys  := [ident, number, lparen];
   { page(output); } writeln( ^L );
   err := 0;
   cc := 0; cx := 0; ll := 0; ch := ' '; kk := al; getsym;
   block(0, 0, [period]+declbegsys+statbegsys);
   if sym <> period then error(9);
  if err=0 then interpret else write(' errors in pl/0 program');
99: writeln
end.