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i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/payments.md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++------------ i18n/zh-Hant/cloud.md | 2 +- i18n/zh-Hant/cryptocurrency.md | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----- i18n/zh-Hant/financial-services.md | 7 +++++ i18n/zh-Hant/vpn.md | 2 +- i18n/zh/advanced/payments.md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++------------ i18n/zh/cloud.md | 2 +- i18n/zh/cryptocurrency.md | 42 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----- i18n/zh/financial-services.md | 7 +++++ i18n/zh/vpn.md | 2 +- 145 files changed, 2059 insertions(+), 725 deletions(-) diff --git a/i18n/ar/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/ar/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/ar/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ar/cloud.md b/i18n/ar/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/ar/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/ar/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/ar/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/ar/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/ar/financial-services.md b/i18n/ar/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/ar/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ar/vpn.md b/i18n/ar/vpn.md index d81c6395..fa2650b3 100644 --- a/i18n/ar/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/ar/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md b/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md b/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md b/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md index 094cae64..2c0992e0 100644 --- a/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/bn-IN/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/bn/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/bn/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/bn/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/bn/cloud.md b/i18n/bn/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/bn/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/bn/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/bn/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/bn/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/bn/financial-services.md b/i18n/bn/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/bn/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/bn/vpn.md b/i18n/bn/vpn.md index 094cae64..2c0992e0 100644 --- a/i18n/bn/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/bn/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/cs/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/cs/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/cs/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/cs/cloud.md b/i18n/cs/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/cs/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/cs/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/cs/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/cs/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/cs/financial-services.md b/i18n/cs/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/cs/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/cs/vpn.md b/i18n/cs/vpn.md index 094cae64..2c0992e0 100644 --- a/i18n/cs/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/cs/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/de/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/de/advanced/payments.md index e4556e55..abd38cd9 100644 --- a/i18n/de/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/de/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Deine Kaufgewohnheiten sind der heilige Gral des Ad-Targeting, aber du hast immer noch viele Optionen, wenn es darum geht, private Zahlungen zu tätigen. --- -Es gibt einen Grund, warum Daten über dein Kaufverhalten als der heilige Gral des Ad-Targeting gelten: Deine Einkäufe können einen wahren Schatz an Daten über dich preisgeben. Leider ist das derzeitige Finanzsystem von vornherein datenschutzfeindlich gestaltet und ermöglicht es Banken, Unternehmen und Regierungen, Transaktionen relativ einfach nachzuvollziehen. Dennoch hast du viele Möglichkeiten, wenn es darum geht, Zahlungen privat zu leisten. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Leider ist das derzeitige Finanzsystem von vornherein datenschutzfeindlich gestaltet und ermöglicht es Banken, Unternehmen und Regierungen, Transaktionen relativ einfach nachzuvollziehen. Dennoch hast du viele Möglichkeiten, wenn es darum geht, Zahlungen privat zu leisten. ## Bargeld -Seit Jahrhunderten ist **Bargeld** die wichtigste Form des privaten Zahlungsverkehrs. Bargeld hat in den meisten Fällen hervorragende Eigenschaften in Bezug auf den Schutz der Privatsphäre, wird in den meisten Ländern akzeptiert und ist **fungibel**, d. h. es ist nicht einmalig und vollständig austauschbar. +Seit Jahrhunderten ist **Bargeld** die wichtigste Form des privaten Zahlungsverkehrs. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Die Gesetze zur Barzahlung sind von Land zu Land unterschiedlich. In den Vereinigten Staaten müssen Barzahlungen von mehr als 10.000 Dollar mittels des [Formulars 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000) an den IRS gemeldet werden. Das empfangende Unternehmen ist verpflichtet, den Namen, die Adresse, den Beruf, das Geburtsdatum und die Sozialversicherungsnummer oder eine andere Steueridentifikationsnummer (mit einigen Ausnahmen) des Zahlungsempfängers zu identifizieren. Niedrigere Limits ohne Ausweis wie 3.000 US-Dollar oder weniger existieren für Umtausch und Geldüberweisungen. Bargeld enthält auch Seriennummern. Diese werden von den Händlern fast nie nachverfolgt, können aber von den Strafverfolgungsbehörden für gezielte Ermittlungen genutzt werden. +Die Gesetze zur Barzahlung sind von Land zu Land unterschiedlich. In den Vereinigten Staaten müssen Barzahlungen von mehr als 10.000 Dollar mittels des [Formulars 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000) an den IRS gemeldet werden. Das empfangende Unternehmen ist verpflichtet, den Namen, die Adresse, den Beruf, das Geburtsdatum und die Sozialversicherungsnummer oder eine andere Steueridentifikationsnummer (mit einigen Ausnahmen) des Zahlungsempfängers zu identifizieren. Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Trotzdem ist es in der Regel die beste Option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid-Karten & Geschenkkarten -Es ist relativ einfach, Geschenkkarten und Prepaid-Karten in den meisten Lebensmittelgeschäften und Verbrauchermärkten mit Bargeld zu kaufen. Geschenkkarten sind in der Regel gebührenfrei, bei Prepaid-Karten können Gebühren anfallen, daher solltest du auf mögliche Gebühren und das Ablaufdatum achten. Manche Geschäfte verlangen an der Kasse Ihren Ausweis, um Betrug zu vermeiden. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Geschenkkarten sind in der Regel gebührenfrei, bei Prepaid-Karten können Gebühren anfallen, daher solltest du auf mögliche Gebühren und das Ablaufdatum achten. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. ssGeschenkkarten haben in der Regel Grenzen von bis zu 200 Us-Dollar pro Karte, aber einige bieten Grenzen von bis zu 2.000 Us-Dollar pro Karte. Prepaid-Karten (z. B. von Visa oder Mastercard) haben in der Regel ein Limit von bis zu 1.000 US-Dollar pro Karte. Geschenkkarten haben den Nachteil, dass sie den Richtlinien des Händlers unterliegen, die mitunter sehr schlechte Bedingungen und Einschränkungen enthalten. Einige Händler akzeptieren beispielsweise keine Zahlungen ausschließlich mit Geschenkkarten oder können den Wert der Karte stornieren, wenn sie dich als hochriskanten Nutzer betrachten. Sobald du ein Guthaben hast, hat der Händler ein hohes Maß an Kontrolle über dieses Guthaben. -Mit Prepaid-Karten sind keine Bargeldabhebungen an Geldautomaten oder "Peer-to-Peer"-Zahlungen in Venmo und ähnlichen Apps möglich. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Bargeld ist für die meisten Menschen nach wie vor die beste Option für Einkäufe vor Ort. Geschenkkarten können nützlich sein, weil sie Einsparungen bringen. Prepaid-Karten können für Orte nützlich sein, die kein Bargeld akzeptieren. Geschenkkarten und Prepaid-Karten sind online leichter zu verwenden als Bargeld, und sie sind mit Kryptowährungen leichter zu erwerben als Bargeld. +Bargeld ist für die meisten Menschen nach wie vor die beste Option für Einkäufe vor Ort. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid-Karten können für Orte nützlich sein, die kein Bargeld akzeptieren. Geschenkkarten und Prepaid-Karten sind online leichter zu verwenden als Bargeld, und sie sind mit Kryptowährungen leichter zu erwerben als Bargeld. ### Online-Marktplätze -Wenn du über [Kryptowährungen](../cryptocurrency.md) verfügst, kannst du Geschenkkarten auf einem Online-Marktplatz für Geschenkkarten kaufen. Einige dieser Dienste bieten Optionen zur Identitätsüberprüfung für höhere Limits, aber sie erlauben auch Konten mit einer einfachen E-Mail-Adresse. Die Basislimits beginnen bei 5.000 bis 10.000 Dollar pro Tag für Basiskonten, und deutlich höhere Limits für ID-verifizierte Konten (falls angeboten). +Wenn du über [Kryptowährungen](../cryptocurrency.md) verfügst, kannst du Geschenkkarten auf einem Online-Marktplatz für Geschenkkarten kaufen. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Beim Online-Kauf von Geschenkkarten gibt es in der Regel einen kleinen Rabatt. Prepaid-Karten werden in der Regel online zum Nennwert oder gegen eine Gebühr verkauft. Wenn du Prepaid-Karten und Geschenkkarten mit Kryptowährungen kaufst, solltest du es vorziehen mit Monero zu bezahlen, welches einen hohen Datenschutz bietet (mehr dazu weiter unten). Die Bezahlung einer Geschenkkarte mit einer rückverfolgbaren Zahlungsmethode negiert die Vorteile, die eine Geschenkkarte beim Kauf mit Bargeld oder Monero bieten kann. +Beim Online-Kauf von Geschenkkarten gibt es in der Regel einen kleinen Rabatt. Prepaid-Karten werden in der Regel online zum Nennwert oder gegen eine Gebühr verkauft. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Die Bezahlung einer Geschenkkarte mit einer rückverfolgbaren Zahlungsmethode negiert die Vorteile, die eine Geschenkkarte beim Kauf mit Bargeld oder Monero bieten kann. - [Online-Geschenkkarten-Marktplätze :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Diese sind in der Regel eine gute Option für wiederkehrende Online-Zahlungen/Ab ## Kryptowährung -Kryptowährungen sind eine digitale Form von Währung, die ohne zentrale Behörden wie eine Regierung oder eine Bank funktionieren soll. Während *einige* Kryptowährungsprojekte es dir ermöglichen, private Transaktionen online durchzuführen, verwenden viele eine öffentliche Blockchain, die keine Privatsphäre für Transaktionen bietet. Kryptowährungen neigen auch dazu, sehr volatil zu sein, was bedeutet, dass sich ihr Wert jederzeit schnell und erheblich ändern kann. Daher raten wir generell davon ab, Kryptowährungen als langfristige Wertaufbewahrungsmittel zu verwenden. Wenn du dich dazu entschließt, Kryptowährungen online zu verwenden, solltest du dich vorher genau über die Datenschutzaspekte informieren und nur Beträge investieren, deren Verlust nicht katastrophal wäre. +Kryptowährungen sind eine digitale Form von Währung, die ohne zentrale Behörden wie eine Regierung oder eine Bank funktionieren soll. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Daher raten wir generell davon ab, Kryptowährungen als langfristige Wertaufbewahrungsmittel zu verwenden. Wenn du dich dazu entschließt, Kryptowährungen online zu verwenden, solltest du dich vorher genau über die Datenschutzaspekte informieren und nur Beträge investieren, deren Verlust nicht katastrophal wäre.

Achtung

-Die große Mehrheit der Kryptowährungen arbeitet mit einer **öffentlichen** Blockchain, was bedeutet, dass jede Transaktion öffentlich einsehbar ist. Dazu gehören auch die bekanntesten Kryptowährungen wie Bitcoin und Ethereum. Transaktionen mit diesen Kryptowährungen sollten nicht als privat angesehen werden und schützen deine Anonymität nicht. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transaktionen mit diesen Kryptowährungen sollten nicht als privat angesehen werden und schützen deine Anonymität nicht. -Hinzu kommt, dass viele, wenn nicht sogar die meisten Kryptowährungen Betrugsmaschen sind. Tätige Transaktionen nur mit Projekten, denen du vertraust. +Hinzu kommt, dass viele, wenn nicht sogar die meisten Kryptowährungen Betrugsmaschen sind. Tätige Transaktionen nur mit Projekten, denen du vertraust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Es gibt eine Reihe von Kryptowährungsprojekten, die vorgeben, die Privatsphäre - [Empfohlene Kryptowährung :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy-Coins werden von staatlichen Behörden zunehmend genauer überprüft. Im Jahr 2020 [hat das IRS ein Kopfgeld in Höhe von 625.000 Dollar](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) für Tools ausgesetzt, die das Bitcoin Lightning Network und/oder den Transaktionsschutz von Monero knacken können. Letztendlich [zahlten sie zwei Unternehmen](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis und Integra Fec) zusammen 1,25 Millionen Dollar für Tools, die dies angeblich tun (es ist unbekannt, auf welches Kryptowährungsnetzwerk diese Tools abzielen). Aufgrund der Geheimhaltung, die solche Tools umgibt, wurde ==keine dieser Methoden zur Rückverfolgung von Kryptowährungen von unabhängiger Seite bestätigt.== Es ist jedoch sehr wahrscheinlich, dass es Tools gibt, die gezielte Ermittlungen zu privaten Transaktionen unterstützen, und dass Privacy Coins nur dabei helfen, Massenüberwachung zu vereiteln. +Privacy-Coins werden von staatlichen Behörden zunehmend genauer überprüft. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Andere Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -Die große Mehrheit der Kryptowährungsprojekte verwendet eine öffentliche Blockchain, was bedeutet, dass alle Transaktionen sowohl leicht nachvollziehbar als auch dauerhaft sind. Daher raten wir aus Gründen des Datenschutzes von der Verwendung der meisten Kryptowährungen dringend ab. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. Daher raten wir aus Gründen des Datenschutzes von der Verwendung der meisten Kryptowährungen dringend ab. -Anonyme Transaktionen auf einer öffentlichen Blockchain sind *theoretisch* möglich, und das Bitcoin-Wiki [nennt ein Beispiel für eine „völlig anonyme“ Transaktion](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). Dies erfordert jedoch ein kompliziertes Verfahren, bei dem Tor und das „Solo-Mining“ eines Blocks erforderlich sind, um eine völlig unabhängige Kryptowährung zu erzeugen - eine Praxis, die seit vielen Jahren für fast alle Enthusiasten nicht mehr praktikabel ist. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Am besten ist es, diese Kryptowährungen ganz zu meiden und sich an eine Währung zu halten, die standardmäßig Datenschutz bietet.== Der Versuch, andere Kryptowährungen zu verwenden, liegt außerhalb des Rahmens dieser Website und wird dringend abgeraten. ### Wallet-Verwahrung -Bei Kryptowährungen gibt es zwei Arten von Wallets: Custodial und Non-Custodial Wallets. Custodial Wallets werden von zentralen Unternehmen/Börsen betrieben, bei denen der private Schlüssel für deine Wallet im Besitz dieses Unternehmens ist, und du kannst von überall aus darauf zugreifen, normalerweise mit einem normalen Benutzernamen und Passwort. Non-Custodial Wallets sind Wallets, bei denen du die privaten Schlüssel kontrollierst und verwaltest, um auf sie zuzugreifen. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass du die privaten Schlüssel deiner Wallet sicher aufbewahrst und sicherst, bieten Non-Custodial Wallets mehr Sicherheit und Widerstand gegen Zensur als Custodial Wallets, da deine Kryptowährung nicht von einem Unternehen, das deine privaten Schlüssel verwahrt, gestohlen oder eingefroren werden kann. Die Verwahrung von Schlüsseln ist besonders wichtig, wenn es um Privacy-Coins geht: Custodial Wallets gewähren der Betreibergesellschaft die Möglichkeit, deine Transaktionen einzusehen, wodurch die Datenschutzvorteile dieser Kryptowährungen zunichte gemacht werden. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial Wallets werden von zentralen Unternehmen/Börsen betrieben, bei denen der private Schlüssel für deine Wallet im Besitz dieses Unternehmens ist, und du kannst von überall aus darauf zugreifen, normalerweise mit einem normalen Benutzernamen und Passwort. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Die Verwahrung von Schlüsseln ist besonders wichtig, wenn es um Privacy-Coins geht: Custodial Wallets gewähren der Betreibergesellschaft die Möglichkeit, deine Transaktionen einzusehen, wodurch die Datenschutzvorteile dieser Kryptowährungen zunichte gemacht werden. ### Beschaffung -Es kann schwierig sein, [Kryptowährungen](../cryptocurrency.md) wie Monero privat zu erwerben. P2P-Marktplätze, also Plattformen, die den Handel zwischen Menschen erleichtern, sind eine Möglichkeit, die genutzt werden kann. Wenn die Nutzung einer Börse, die KYC verlangt, für dich ein akzeptables Risiko darstellt, solange nachfolgende Transaktionen nicht zurückverfolgt werden können, ist eine viel einfachere Option der Kauf von Monero auf einer Börse wie [Kraken](https://kraken.com) oder der Kauf von Bitcoin/Litecoin von einer KYC-Börse, die dann in Monero getauscht werden kann. Dann kannst du die gekauften Monero auf deine eigene, Non-Custodial Wallet abheben, um sie ab diesem Zeitpunkt privat zu nutzen. +Es kann schwierig sein, [Kryptowährungen](../cryptocurrency.md) wie Monero privat zu erwerben. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Wenn du diesen Weg gehst, stelle sicher, dass du Monero zu verschiedenen Zeiten und in verschiedenen Mengen kaufst, als du es ausgeben wirst. Wenn du 5.000 € in Monero bei einer Börse kaufst und eine Stunde später 5.000 € in Monero ausgibst, dann könnten diese Aktionen von einem außenstehenden Beobachter korreliert werden, unabhängig davon, welchen Weg die Moneroj genommen haben. Durch gestaffelte Käufe und den Kauf größerer Monero-Beträge im Voraus, um sie später für mehrere kleinere Transaktionen auszugeben, kann dieser Fallstrick vermieden werden. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ Wenn du diesen Weg gehst, stelle sicher, dass du Monero zu verschiedenen Zeiten Wenn du persönlich mit Bargeld bezahlst, solltest du darauf achten, dass deine Privatsphäre gewahrt bleibt. Sicherheitskameras sind allgegenwärtig. Ziehe am besten das Tragen von unauffälliger Kleidung und einer Gesichtsmaske (z. B. einer chirurgischen Maske oder N95) in Betracht. Melde dich nicht für Prämienprogramme an und gebe keine anderen Informationen über dich selbst heraus. Beim Online-Kauf solltest du dies im Idealfall über [Tor](tor-overview.md) tun. Viele Händler erlauben jedoch keine Einkäufe über Tor. Du kannst die Verwendung eines [empfohlenen VPN](../vpn.md) in Betracht ziehen (bezahlt mit Bargeld, Geschenkgutschein oder Monero) oder den Kauf in einem Café oder einer Bibliothek mit kostenfreiem WLAN. Wenn du einen physischen Artikel bestellst, der geliefert werden muss, musst du eine Lieferadresse angeben. Du solltest in Erwägung ziehen, ein Postfach, eine private Mailbox oder eine Arbeitsadresse zu verwenden. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/de/cloud.md b/i18n/de/cloud.md index af283c20..8817755a 100644 --- a/i18n/de/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/de/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/de/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/de/cryptocurrency.md index 4419dafc..d4b144cf 100644 --- a/i18n/de/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/de/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Viele, wenn nicht die meisten, Kryptowährungsprojekte sind Betrugsmaschen. Tät Bei Monero können außenstehende Beobachter weder Adressen, die mit Monero handeln, noch Transaktionsbeträge, Adresssalden oder Transaktionshistorien entziffern. -Für einen optimalen Schutz der Privatsphäre solltest du eine Non-Custodial Wallet verwenden, bei der auch der Ansichtsschlüssel auf deinem Gerät bleibt. Das bedeutet, dass nur du die Möglichkeit hast, dein Geld auszugeben und ein- und ausgehende Transaktionen zu sehen. Wenn du eine Custodial Wallet verwendest, kann der Anbieter **alles** sehen, was du tust; wenn du eine „lightweight“ Wallet verwendest, bei der der Anbieter deinen privaten Ansichtsschlüssel beibehält, sieht dieser fast alles, was du tust. Einige Non-Custodial Wallets sind: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +Im August 2021 [kündigte](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) CipherTrace erweiterte Monero-Verfolgungsfunktionen für Regierungsbehören an. Aus öffentlichen Veröffentlichungen geht hervor, dass das Financial Crimes Enforcement Network des US-Finanzministeriums das „Monero-Modul“ von CipherTrace Ende 2022 [lizenziert hat](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view). + +Die Vertraulichkeit des Monero-Transaktionsgraphen wird durch seine relativ kleinen Ringsignaturen eingeschränkt, insbesondere gegenüber gezielten Angriffen. Die Datenschutzfunktionen von Monero wurden auch von einigen Sicherheitsforschern [in Frage gestellt](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy), und in der Vergangenheit wurde eine Reihe schwerwiegender Server-Schwachstellen gefunden und gepatcht, sodass die Behauptungen von Organisationen wie CipherTrace nicht außer Frage stehen. Es ist zwar unwahrscheinlich, dass es für Monero Massenüberwachungs-Tools gibt, wie es sie für Bitcoin und andere Währungen gibt, aber es ist sicher, dass Rückverfolgungs-Tools bei gezielten Ermittlungen helfen. + +Letzten Endes ist Monero der stärkste Kandidat für eine datenschutzfreundliche Kryptowährung, aber seine Datenschutzansprüche sind **nicht** definitiv bewiesen. Es ist mehr Zeit und Forschung nötig, um zu beurteilen, ob Monero widerstandsfähig genug gegen Angriffe ist, um immer eine angemessene Privatsphäre zu bieten. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Das bedeutet, dass nur du die Möglichkeit hast, dein Geld auszugeben und ein- und ausgehende Transaktionen zu sehen. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Offizieller Monero-Client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet unterstützt mehrere Kryptowährungen. Eine reine Monero Version von Cake Wallet für iOS und Android ist auf [Monero.com](https://monero.com) verfügbar. - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Für maximale Privatsphäre (auch mit einer Non-Custodial Wallet) solltest du deinen eigenen Monero-Node betreiben. Wenn du den Node einer anderen Person verwendest, werden einige Informationen preisgegeben, z. B. die IP-Adresse, von der aus du dich mit dem Node verbindest, die Zeitpunkte, an denen du deine Wallet synchronisierst und der Transaktionen, die du von deiner Wallet aus sendest (allerdings keine weiteren Details über diese Transaktionen). Alternativ kannst du dich über Tor oder [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project) mit dem Monero-Knoten einer anderen Person verbinden. +### Monero nodes -Im August 2021 [kündigte](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) CipherTrace erweiterte Monero-Verfolgungsfunktionen für Regierungsbehören an. Aus öffentlichen Veröffentlichungen geht hervor, dass das Financial Crimes Enforcement Network des US-Finanzministeriums das „Monero-Modul“ von CipherTrace Ende 2022 [lizenziert hat](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view). +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Wenn du den Node einer anderen Person verwendest, werden einige Informationen preisgegeben, z. B. die IP-Adresse, von der aus du dich mit dem Node verbindest, die Zeitpunkte, an denen du deine Wallet synchronisierst und der Transaktionen, die du von deiner Wallet aus sendest (allerdings keine weiteren Details über diese Transaktionen). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Die Vertraulichkeit des Monero-Transaktionsgraphen wird durch seine relativ kleinen Ringsignaturen eingeschränkt, insbesondere gegenüber gezielten Angriffen. Die Datenschutzfunktionen von Monero wurden auch von einigen Sicherheitsforschern [in Frage gestellt](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy), und in der Vergangenheit wurde eine Reihe schwerwiegender Server-Schwachstellen gefunden und gepatcht, sodass die Behauptungen von Organisationen wie CipherTrace nicht außer Frage stehen. Es ist zwar unwahrscheinlich, dass es für Monero Massenüberwachungs-Tools gibt, wie es sie für Bitcoin und andere Währungen gibt, aber es ist sicher, dass Rückverfolgungs-Tools bei gezielten Ermittlungen helfen. +### Buying Monero -Letzten Endes ist Monero der stärkste Kandidat für eine datenschutzfreundliche Kryptowährung, aber seine Datenschutzansprüche sind **nicht** definitiv bewiesen. Es ist mehr Zeit und Forschung nötig, um zu beurteilen, ob Monero widerstandsfähig genug gegen Angriffe ist, um immer eine angemessene Privatsphäre zu bieten. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Kriterien **Bitte beachte, dass wir mit keinem der Projekte, die wir empfehlen, in Verbindung stehen.** Zusätzlich zu unseren [Standardkriterien](about/criteria.md) haben wir eine Reihe klarer Anforderungen entwickelt, die es uns ermöglichen, objektive Empfehlungen zu geben. Wir empfehlen dir, dich mit der Liste vertraut zu machen, bevor du dich für ein Projekt entscheidest, und deine eigenen Recherchen anzustellen, um sicherzustellen, dass es die richtige Wahl für dich ist. - Kryptowährungen müssen standardmäßig private/unverfolgbare Transaktionen ermöglichen. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/de/financial-services.md b/i18n/de/financial-services.md index 1c205558..4a6e2748 100644 --- a/i18n/de/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/de/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/de/vpn.md b/i18n/de/vpn.md index 8325bfb1..a6348eb4 100644 --- a/i18n/de/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/de/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Wir setzen von allen von uns empfohlenen VPN-Anbietern voraus, dass sie OpenVPN- - Unterstützung von starken Protokollen wie WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Notaus ist in den Clients integriert. - Multihop-Unterstützung. Multihopping ist wichtig, um Daten im Falle einer Kompromittierung eines einzelnen Knotens geheim zu halten. -- Wenn VPN-Clients zur Verfügung gestellt werden, sollten sie [Open Source](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source)sein, wie die VPN-Software, die in der Regel in sie integriert ist. Wir sind der Meinung, dass [Quellcode](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quelltext) mehr Transparenz darüber bietet, was dein Gerät tatsächlich tut. +- Wenn VPN-Clients zur Verfügung gestellt werden, sollten sie [Open Source](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source)sein, wie die VPN-Software, die in der Regel in sie integriert ist. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Im besten Fall:** diff --git a/i18n/el/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/el/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/el/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/el/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/el/cloud.md b/i18n/el/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/el/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/el/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/el/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/el/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/el/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/el/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/el/financial-services.md b/i18n/el/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/el/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/el/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/el/vpn.md b/i18n/el/vpn.md index d728873a..48596c5d 100644 --- a/i18n/el/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/el/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/eo/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/eo/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/eo/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/eo/cloud.md b/i18n/eo/cloud.md index c61f1c87..341f51dd 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/eo/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/eo/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/eo/cryptocurrency.md index 70ab8121..8b81ca50 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/eo/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/eo/financial-services.md b/i18n/eo/financial-services.md index 8532d1a7..d7e65db1 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/eo/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/eo/vpn.md b/i18n/eo/vpn.md index 094cae64..2c0992e0 100644 --- a/i18n/eo/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/eo/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/es/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/es/advanced/payments.md index 4ffbbf56..ed7a1969 100644 --- a/i18n/es/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/es/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Tus hábitos de compra son el santo grial de la focalización publicitaria, pero tienes muchas opciones a la hora de realizar pagos de forma privada. --- -Hay una razón por la que los datos sobre tus hábitos de compra se consideran el santo grial de la segmentación publicitaria: tus compras pueden filtrar un auténtico tesoro de datos sobre ti. Desgraciadamente, el sistema financiero actual es contrario a la privacidad por su propio diseño, ya que permite a los bancos, a otras empresas y a los gobiernos rastrear fácilmente las transacciones. No obstante, tienes muchas opciones a la hora de realizar pagos de forma privada. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Desgraciadamente, el sistema financiero actual es contrario a la privacidad por su propio diseño, ya que permite a los bancos, a otras empresas y a los gobiernos rastrear fácilmente las transacciones. No obstante, tienes muchas opciones a la hora de realizar pagos de forma privada. ## Efectivo -Durante siglos, **efectivo** ha funcionado como la principal forma de pago privado. El efectivo tiene excelentes propiedades de privacidad en la mayoría de los casos, es ampliamente aceptado en la mayoría de los países y es **fungible**, lo que significa que no es único y es completamente intercambiable. +Durante siglos, **efectivo** ha funcionado como la principal forma de pago privado. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -La legislación sobre pagos en efectivo varía según el país. En Estados Unidos, los pagos en efectivo superiores a 10.000 dólares deben declararse al IRS mediante el [Formulario 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). La empresa receptora está obligada a verificar el nombre, la dirección, la ocupación, la fecha de nacimiento y el número de la Seguridad Social u otro NIF del beneficiario (con algunas excepciones). Existen límites más bajos sin identificación, como 3.000 dólares o menos, para los intercambios y la transmisión de dinero. El dinero en efectivo también contiene números de serie. Casi nunca son rastreados por los comerciantes, pero pueden ser utilizados por las fuerzas de seguridad en investigaciones específicas. +La legislación sobre pagos en efectivo varía según el país. En Estados Unidos, los pagos en efectivo superiores a 10.000 dólares deben declararse al IRS mediante el [Formulario 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). La empresa receptora está obligada a verificar el nombre, la dirección, la ocupación, la fecha de nacimiento y el número de la Seguridad Social u otro NIF del beneficiario (con algunas excepciones). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -A pesar de ello, suele ser la mejor opción. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Tarjetas de Prepago & Tarjetas de Regalo -Es relativamente sencillo comprar tarjetas regalo y tarjetas prepago en la mayoría de los supermercados y tiendas de conveniencia con dinero en efectivo. Las tarjetas regalo no suelen tener comisión, aunque las de prepago a menudo sí, así que presta mucha atención a estas comisiones y a las fechas de caducidad. Algunos comercios pueden pedirte el DNI en la caja para reducir el fraude. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Las tarjetas regalo no suelen tener comisión, aunque las de prepago a menudo sí, así que presta mucha atención a estas comisiones y a las fechas de caducidad. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Las tarjetas regalo suelen tener límites de hasta 200 dólares por tarjeta, pero algunas ofrecen límites de hasta 2.000 dólares por tarjeta. Las tarjetas prepago (por ejemplo, de Visa o Mastercard) usualmente tienen límites de hasta $1,000 por tarjeta. Las tarjetas regalo tienen el inconveniente de estar sujetas a las políticas de los comercios, que pueden tener terribles condiciones y restricciones. Por ejemplo, algunos comercios no aceptan exclusivamente el pago con tarjetas regalo, o pueden anular el valor de la tarjeta si consideran que eres un usuario de alto riesgo. Una vez que se dispone de crédito comercial, el comerciante tiene un alto grado de control sobre este crédito. -Las tarjetas de prepago no permiten retirar dinero de los cajeros automáticos ni realizar pagos "de igual a igual" en Venmo y aplicaciones similares. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -El efectivo sigue siendo la mejor opción para las compras en persona para la mayoría de la gente. Las tarjetas regalo pueden ser útiles por el ahorro que suponen. Las tarjetas de prepago pueden ser útiles en lugares donde no se acepta dinero en efectivo. Las tarjetas regalo y las tarjetas prepago son más fáciles de utilizar en Internet que el dinero en efectivo, y son más fáciles de adquirir con criptomonedas que con dinero en efectivo. +El efectivo sigue siendo la mejor opción para las compras en persona para la mayoría de la gente. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Las tarjetas de prepago pueden ser útiles en lugares donde no se acepta dinero en efectivo. Las tarjetas regalo y las tarjetas prepago son más fáciles de utilizar en Internet que el dinero en efectivo, y son más fáciles de adquirir con criptomonedas que con dinero en efectivo. ### Mercados en Línea -Si tienes [criptomonedas](../cryptocurrency.md), puedes comprar tarjetas regalo en una tienda online de tarjetas de regalo. Algunos de estos servicios ofrecen opciones de verificación de identidad para límites más altos, pero también permiten cuentas con sólo una dirección de correo electrónico. Los límites básicos comienzan en 5.000-10.000 dólares al día para las cuentas básicas, y límites significativamente más altos para las cuentas verificadas por ID (si se ofrecen). +Si tienes [criptomonedas](../cryptocurrency.md), puedes comprar tarjetas regalo en una tienda online de tarjetas de regalo. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Al comprar tarjetas regalo por Internet, suele haber un ligero descuento. Las tarjetas de prepago suelen venderse en Internet por su valor nominal o con una comisión. Si compras tarjetas prepago y tarjetas regalo con criptomonedas, deberías preferir pagar con Monero que proporciona una fuerte privacidad, más sobre esto más abajo. Pagar una tarjeta regalo con un método de pago rastreable anula los beneficios que una tarjeta regalo puede proporcionar cuando se compra con dinero en efectivo o Monero. +Al comprar tarjetas regalo por Internet, suele haber un ligero descuento. Las tarjetas de prepago suelen venderse en Internet por su valor nominal o con una comisión. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Pagar una tarjeta regalo con un método de pago rastreable anula los beneficios que una tarjeta regalo puede proporcionar cuando se compra con dinero en efectivo o Monero. - [Mercados de tarjetas regalo en línea :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Estas tienden a ser buenas opciones para pagos recurrentes/de suscripción en l ## Criptomonedas -Las criptomonedas son una forma digital de moneda diseñada para funcionar sin autoridades centrales como un gobierno o un banco. Mientras que *algunos* proyectos de criptodivisas pueden permitirle realizar transacciones privadas en línea, muchos utilizan una blockchain pública que no proporciona ninguna privacidad en las transacciones. Las criptomonedas también tienden a ser activos muy volátiles, lo que significa que su valor puede cambiar rápida y significativamente en cualquier momento. Por ello, en general no recomendamos utilizar criptomonedas como depósito de valor a largo plazo. Si decides utilizar criptomoneda en línea, asegúrate de conocer bien sus aspectos de privacidad de antemano, y sólo invierte cantidades cuya pérdida no sea desastrosa. +Las criptomonedas son una forma digital de moneda diseñada para funcionar sin autoridades centrales como un gobierno o un banco. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Por ello, en general no recomendamos utilizar criptomonedas como depósito de valor a largo plazo. Si decides utilizar criptomoneda en línea, asegúrate de conocer bien sus aspectos de privacidad de antemano, y sólo invierte cantidades cuya pérdida no sea desastrosa.

Peligro

-La gran mayoría de las criptomonedas operan en una cadena de bloques **pública**, lo que significa que cada transacción es de dominio público. Esto incluye incluso las criptomonedas más conocidas, como Bitcoin y Ethereum. Las transacciones con estas criptomonedas no deben considerarse privadas y no protegerán tu anonimato. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Las transacciones con estas criptomonedas no deben considerarse privadas y no protegerán tu anonimato. -Además, muchas criptomonedas, si no la mayoría, son estafas. Únicamente realice transacciones con los proyectos en los que confíe. +Además, muchas criptomonedas, si no la mayoría, son estafas. Únicamente realice transacciones con los proyectos en los que confíe. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Existen varios proyectos de criptomonedas que pretenden proporcionar privacidad - [Criptomoneda Recomendada :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Las monedas de privacidad han sido objeto de un creciente escrutinio por parte de organismos gubernamentales. En 2020, [el IRS publicó una recompensa de 625.000 dólares](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) por herramientas que puedan romper Bitcoin Lightning Network y/o la privacidad de las transacciones de Monero. En última instancia, [pagó a dos empresas](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis e Integra Fec) una suma combinada de 1,25 millones de dólares por herramientas que supuestamente lo hacen (se desconoce a qué red de criptomonedas se dirigen estas herramientas). Debido al secretismo que rodea a este tipo de herramientas, ==ninguno de estos métodos de rastreo de criptomonedas ha sido confirmado de forma independiente.== Sin embargo, es bastante probable que existan herramientas que ayuden a realizar investigaciones específicas sobre las transacciones de monedas privadas, y que éstas sólo consigan frustrar la vigilancia masiva. +Las monedas de privacidad han sido objeto de un creciente escrutinio por parte de organismos gubernamentales. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Otras Monedas (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -La gran mayoría de los proyectos de criptomonedas utilizan una cadena de bloques pública, lo que significa que todas las transacciones son fácilmente rastreables y permanentes. Por ello, desaconsejamos encarecidamente el uso de la mayoría de las criptomonedas por motivos relacionados con la privacidad. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. Por ello, desaconsejamos encarecidamente el uso de la mayoría de las criptomonedas por motivos relacionados con la privacidad. -Las transacciones anónimas en una blockchain pública son *teóricamente* posibles, y la wiki de Bitcoin [da un ejemplo de una transacción "completamente anónima"](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). Sin embargo, hacerlo requiere una complicada configuración que implica Tor y la "minería en solitario" de un bloque para generar criptomoneda completamente independiente, una práctica que no ha sido práctica para casi ningún entusiasta durante muchos años. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Tu mejor opción es evitar estas criptomonedas por completo y quedarse con una que proporcione privacidad por defecto.== Intentar utilizar otra criptomoneda está fuera del alcance de este sitio y se desaconseja encarecidamente. ### Custodia de Carteras -En el caso de las criptomonedas existen dos tipos de monederos: los monederos con custodia y los monederos sin custodia. Los monederos custodiados son operados por empresas/intercambios centralizados, donde la clave privada de tu monedero la tiene esa empresa, y puedes acceder a ellos desde cualquier lugar normalmente con un nombre de usuario y contraseña normales. Los monederos no custodiados son monederos en los que tu controlas y gestionas las claves privadas para acceder a él. Asumiendo que mantienes las claves privadas de tu monedero seguras y con copias de seguridad, los monederos sin custodia proporcionan mayor seguridad y resistencia a la censura que los monederos con custodia, porque tu criptomoneda no puede ser robada o congelada por una empresa con custodia sobre tus claves privadas. La custodia de claves es especialmente importante cuando se trata de monedas con privacidad: Los monederos de custodia conceden a la empresa operadora la capacidad de ver tus transacciones, anulando los beneficios de privacidad de esas criptodivisas. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Los monederos custodiados son operados por empresas/intercambios centralizados, donde la clave privada de tu monedero la tiene esa empresa, y puedes acceder a ellos desde cualquier lugar normalmente con un nombre de usuario y contraseña normales. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. La custodia de claves es especialmente importante cuando se trata de monedas con privacidad: Los monederos de custodia conceden a la empresa operadora la capacidad de ver tus transacciones, anulando los beneficios de privacidad de esas criptodivisas. ### Adquisición -Adquirir [criptomonedas](../cryptocurrency.md) como Monero de forma privada puede ser difícil. Los mercados P2P, plataformas que facilitan los intercambios entre personas, son una opción que también se puede usar. Si el uso de un intercambio que requiere KYC es un riesgo aceptable para ti, siempre y cuando las transacciones posteriores no puedan ser rastreadas, una opción mucho más fácil es comprar Monero en un exchange como [Kraken](https://kraken.com), o comprar Bitcoin/Litecoin de un exchange KYC que luego se puede cambiar por Monero. A continuación, puedes retirar el Monero comprado a su propio monedero no custodio para utilizarlo de forma privada a partir de ese momento. +Adquirir [criptomonedas](../cryptocurrency.md) como Monero de forma privada puede ser difícil. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Si sigues este camino, asegúrate de comprar Monero en momentos diferentes y en cantidades distintas a las que lo gastarás. Si compras 5.000 dólares de Monero en una bolsa y haces una compra de 5.000 dólares en Monero una hora más tarde, esas acciones podrían ser potencialmente correlacionadas por un observador externo independientemente del camino que haya tomado el Monero. Escalonar las compras y adquirir grandes cantidades de Monero por adelantado para luego gastarlas en múltiples transacciones más pequeñas puede evitar este escollo. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ Si sigues este camino, asegúrate de comprar Monero en momentos diferentes y en Cuando hagas un pago en persona con efectivo, asegúrate de tener en cuenta tu privacidad en persona. Las cámaras de seguridad son omnipresentes. Considere usar ropa no distintiva y una máscara facial (como una máscara quirúrgica o N95). No te inscribas en programas de recompensas ni facilites ninguna otra información sobre ti. Al comprar en línea, lo ideal sería que lo hicieras a través de [Tor](tor-overview.md). Sin embargo, muchos comerciantes no permiten las compras con Tor. Puedes considerar utilizar una [VPN recomendada](../vpn.md) (pagada con dinero en efectivo, tarjeta regalo o Monero), o hacer la compra desde una cafetería o biblioteca con Wi-Fi gratuito. Si vas a pedir un artículo físico que necesita ser entregado, tendrás que facilitar una dirección de entrega. Considera la posibilidad de utilizar un apartado de correos, un buzón privado o la dirección de tu trabajo. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/es/cloud.md b/i18n/es/cloud.md index 336bb1cc..b4155d61 100644 --- a/i18n/es/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/es/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud [sigue siendo una herramienta recomendada](document-collaboration.md#n ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** es un proveedor de almacenamiento cifrado en la nube del popular proveedor de correo electrónico cifrado [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). El almacenamiento gratuito inicial está limitado a 2GB, pero al completar ciertos pasos se puede obtener almacenamiento adicional de hasta 5GB. +**Proton Drive** es un proveedor de almacenamiento cifrado en la nube del popular proveedor de correo electrónico cifrado [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Página Principal](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Política de Privacidad" } diff --git a/i18n/es/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/es/cryptocurrency.md index 18696942..d71f748e 100644 --- a/i18n/es/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/es/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Muchas, si no la mayoría de los proyectos de criptomonedas son estafas. Únicam Con Monero, los observadores externos no pueden descifrar las direcciones transaccionales de Monero, los montos de las transacciones, el balance de las direcciones, o el historial de transacciones. -Para una mejor privacidad, se debe asegurar de utilizar una billetera no monitorizada donde la clave de visualización permanece en el dispositivo. Esto significa que solo usted tiene la capacidad de gastar sus fondos, además de ver las transacciones entrantes y salientes. Si usted utiliza una billetera monitoreada, el proveedor puede ver **todo** lo que hace; si utiliza una billetera "ligera" donde el proveedor retiene su clave privada de visualización, el proveedor puede ver casi todo lo que hace. Algunas billeteras no monitoreadas son: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +En agosto de 2021, CipherTrace [anunció](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) capacidades mejoradas de rastreo de Monero para agencias gubernamentales. Publicaciones públicas muestran cómo la Red de Ejecución de Delitos Financieros del Departamento de Tesorería del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos [licenció](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) el módulo CipherTrace de Monero a finales de 2022. + +La privacidad del gráfico transaccional de Monero está limitada por sus firmas de anillo relativamente pequeñas, especialmente contra ataques dirigidos. Las características de privacidad de Monero también han sido [cuestionadas](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) por algunos investigadores de seguridad, y una serie de vulnerabilidades graves han sido encontradas y corregidas en el pasado, haciendo que las reclamaciones de organizaciones como CipherTrace no están descartadas. Mientras es poco probable que las herramientas de vigilancia masiva de Monero existan como lo hacen para Bitcoin y otras, es seguro que las herramientas de rastreo ayudan en las investigaciones dirigidas. + +En última instancia, Monero es el principal candidato para una criptomoneda amigable con la privacidad, pero sus argumentos de privacidad **no** han sido definitivamente comprobados de una manera u otra. Más tiempo e investigación es requerida para encontrar los puntos donde Monero es lo suficientemente resistente a los ataques como para proporcionar la privacidad adecuada. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Esto significa que solo usted tiene la capacidad de gastar sus fondos, además de ver las transacciones entrantes y salientes. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Cliente oficial de Monero](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Escritorio) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet soporta múltiples criptomonedas. En [Monero.com](https://monero.com) está disponible una versión de Cake Wallet exclusiva para Monero para iOS y Android. - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Para obtener un nivel máximo de privacidad (incluso con una billetera monitoreada), usted debe ejecutar su propio nodo de Monero. Al utilizar el nodo de otra persona, usted expondrá alguna información a dicha persona, como la dirección IP que utiliza para conectarse, las marcas de tiempo que sincroniza su billetera, y las transacciones que realiza desde su billetera (aunque no hay otros detalles sobre esas transacciones). Alternativamente, puede conectarse al nodo Monero de otra persona sobre Tor o [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -En agosto de 2021, CipherTrace [anunció](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) capacidades mejoradas de rastreo de Monero para agencias gubernamentales. Publicaciones públicas muestran cómo la Red de Ejecución de Delitos Financieros del Departamento de Tesorería del Gobierno de los Estados Unidos [licenció](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) el módulo CipherTrace de Monero a finales de 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Al utilizar el nodo de otra persona, usted expondrá alguna información a dicha persona, como la dirección IP que utiliza para conectarse, las marcas de tiempo que sincroniza su billetera, y las transacciones que realiza desde su billetera (aunque no hay otros detalles sobre esas transacciones). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -La privacidad del gráfico transaccional de Monero está limitada por sus firmas de anillo relativamente pequeñas, especialmente contra ataques dirigidos. Las características de privacidad de Monero también han sido [cuestionadas](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) por algunos investigadores de seguridad, y una serie de vulnerabilidades graves han sido encontradas y corregidas en el pasado, haciendo que las reclamaciones de organizaciones como CipherTrace no están descartadas. Mientras es poco probable que las herramientas de vigilancia masiva de Monero existan como lo hacen para Bitcoin y otras, es seguro que las herramientas de rastreo ayudan en las investigaciones dirigidas. +### Buying Monero -En última instancia, Monero es el principal candidato para una criptomoneda amigable con la privacidad, pero sus argumentos de privacidad **no** han sido definitivamente comprobados de una manera u otra. Más tiempo e investigación es requerida para encontrar los puntos donde Monero es lo suficientemente resistente a los ataques como para proporcionar la privacidad adecuada. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criterios **Por favor, tome en cuenta que no estamos asociados con ninguno de los proyectos que recomendamos. ** En adición a [nuestros criterios base](about/criteria.md), hemos desarrollado un claro conjunto de requisitos que nos permiten brindar recomendaciones objetivas. Sugerimos que usted se familiarice con esta lista, antes de elegir utilizar un proyecto y realizar su propia investigación para asegurarse que es la elección ideal para usted. - Las criptomonedas deben brindar transacciones privadas o imposibles de rastrear por defecto. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/es/financial-services.md b/i18n/es/financial-services.md index 756554b5..fb1f6397 100644 --- a/i18n/es/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/es/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ Estos servicios le permiten comprar tarjetas de regalo para una gran variedad de - Acepta pagos en [una criptomoneda recomendada](cryptocurrency.md). - No exige identificación. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/es/vpn.md b/i18n/es/vpn.md index 4fd36888..b3e338ff 100644 --- a/i18n/es/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/es/vpn.md @@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ Requerimos que todos nuestros proveedores de VPN recomendados proporcionen archi - Soporte para protocolos fuertes como WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch integrado en los clientes. - Soporte de multisaltos. El multihopping es importante para mantener la privacidad de los datos en caso de que un solo nodo se vea comprometido. -- Si se proporcionan clientes VPN, deben ser de [código abierto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), como el software VPN que generalmente llevan incorporado. Creemos que la disponibilidad de [código fuente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) proporciona una mayor transparencia sobre lo que su dispositivo está haciendo realmente. +- Si se proporcionan clientes VPN, deben ser de [código abierto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), como el software VPN que generalmente llevan incorporado. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Funciones de resistencia a la censura diseñadas para eludir cortafuegos sin DPI. **Mejor Caso:** diff --git a/i18n/fa/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/fa/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/fa/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/fa/cloud.md b/i18n/fa/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/fa/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/fa/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/fa/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/fa/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/fa/financial-services.md b/i18n/fa/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/fa/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/fa/vpn.md b/i18n/fa/vpn.md index 066db015..c9aeab0a 100644 --- a/i18n/fa/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/fa/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/fr/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/fr/advanced/payments.md index a529bcb0..4df94205 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/fr/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -Ce n'est pas pour rien que les données relatives à vos habitudes d'achat sont considérées comme le Saint-Graal du ciblage publicitaire : vos achats peuvent constituer un véritable trésor de données vous concernant. Malheureusement, le système financier actuel est, de par sa conception, hostile à la protection de la vie privée, car il permet aux banques, aux autres entreprises et aux gouvernements de retracer facilement les transactions. Néanmoins, vous disposez de nombreuses options pour effectuer des paiements de façon privée. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Malheureusement, le système financier actuel est, de par sa conception, hostile à la protection de la vie privée, car il permet aux banques, aux autres entreprises et aux gouvernements de retracer facilement les transactions. Néanmoins, vous disposez de nombreuses options pour effectuer des paiements de façon privée. ## Argent liquide -Pendant des siècles, **l'argent liquide** a été la principale forme de paiement privé. Dans la plupart des cas, l'argent liquide présente d'excellentes caractéristiques de confidentialité, est largement accepté dans la plupart des pays et est **fongible**, ce qui signifie qu'il n'est pas unique et qu'il est totalement interchangeable. +Pendant des siècles, **l'argent liquide** a été la principale forme de paiement privé. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Les lois sur les paiements en espèces varient d'un pays à l'autre. Aux États-Unis, les paiements en espèces supérieurs à 10 000 dollars doivent faire l'objet d'une déclaration spéciale auprès de l'IRS sur le [formulaire 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). L'entreprise destinataire est tenue de vérifier l'identité du bénéficiaire (nom, adresse, profession, date de naissance et numéro de sécurité sociale ou autre numéro fiscal), à quelques exceptions près. Des limites inférieures sans pièce d'identité, telles que 3 000 $ ou moins, existent pour les échanges et les transferts de fonds. Les espèces contiennent également des numéros de série. Ces données ne sont presque jamais tracées par les commerçants, mais elles peuvent être utilisées par les services répressifs dans le cadre d'enquêtes ciblées. +Les lois sur les paiements en espèces varient d'un pays à l'autre. Aux États-Unis, les paiements en espèces supérieurs à 10 000 dollars doivent faire l'objet d'une déclaration spéciale auprès de l'IRS sur le [formulaire 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). L'entreprise destinataire est tenue de vérifier l'identité du bénéficiaire (nom, adresse, profession, date de naissance et numéro de sécurité sociale ou autre numéro fiscal), à quelques exceptions près. Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Malgré cela, c'est généralement la meilleure option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Cartes prépayées & cartes-cadeaux -Il est relativement simple d'acheter des cartes-cadeaux et des cartes prépayées dans la plupart des magasins d'alimentation et des commerces de proximité avec de l'argent liquide. Les cartes-cadeaux ne sont généralement pas payantes, mais les cartes prépayées le sont souvent. Il convient donc d'être attentif à ces frais et aux dates d'expiration. Certains magasins peuvent demander à voir votre pièce d'identité à la caisse afin de réduire les fraudes. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Les cartes-cadeaux ne sont généralement pas payantes, mais les cartes prépayées le sont souvent. Il convient donc d'être attentif à ces frais et aux dates d'expiration. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Les cartes-cadeaux sont généralement assorties d'une limite de 200 $ par carte, mais certaines offrent des limites allant jusqu'à 2 000 $ par carte. Les cartes prépayées (comme Visa ou Mastercard) ont généralement pour limite 1000 € par carte. Les cartes-cadeaux ont l'inconvénient d'être soumises aux politiques des commerçants, qui peuvent avoir des conditions et des restrictions terribles. Par exemple, certains commerçants n'acceptent pas exclusivement les paiements par carte-cadeau ou peuvent annuler la valeur de la carte s'ils considèrent que vous êtes un utilisateur à haut risque. Une fois que vous disposez d'un crédit commercial, le commerçant exerce un contrôle important sur ce crédit. -Les cartes prépayées ne permettent pas de retirer de l'argent dans les DABs ni d'effectuer des paiements "pair à pair" avec Venmo et d'autres applications similaires. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Pour la plupart des gens, l'argent liquide reste la meilleure option pour les achats en personne. Les cartes-cadeaux peuvent être utiles pour les économies qu'elles permettent de réaliser. Les cartes prépayées peuvent être utiles dans les endroits qui n'acceptent pas d'argent liquide. Les cartes-cadeaux et les cartes prépayées sont plus faciles à utiliser en ligne que l'argent liquide, et elles sont plus faciles à acquérir avec des crypto-monnaies qu'avec de l'argent liquide. +Pour la plupart des gens, l'argent liquide reste la meilleure option pour les achats en personne. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Les cartes prépayées peuvent être utiles dans les endroits qui n'acceptent pas d'argent liquide. Les cartes-cadeaux et les cartes prépayées sont plus faciles à utiliser en ligne que l'argent liquide, et elles sont plus faciles à acquérir avec des crypto-monnaies qu'avec de l'argent liquide. ### Marchés en ligne -Si vous avez des [crypto-monnaies](../cryptocurrency.md), vous pouvez acheter des cartes-cadeaux sur une place de marché de cartes-cadeaux en ligne. Certains de ces services proposent des options de vérification d'identité pour des limites plus élevées, mais ils permettent également d'ouvrir des comptes avec une simple adresse email. Les limites de base commencent à 5 000 - 10 000 $ par jour pour les comptes de base, et des limites nettement plus élevées sont prévues pour les comptes dont l'identité a été vérifiée (le cas échéant). +Si vous avez des [crypto-monnaies](../cryptocurrency.md), vous pouvez acheter des cartes-cadeaux sur une place de marché de cartes-cadeaux en ligne. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Lorsque vous achetez des cartes-cadeaux en ligne, vous bénéficiez généralement d'une légère réduction. Les cartes prépayées sont généralement vendues en ligne à leur valeur nominale ou moyennant des frais. Si vous achetez des cartes prépayées et des cartes-cadeaux avec des crypto-monnaies, vous devriez fortement préférer payer avec du Monero qui offre une grande confidentialité, plus d'informations à ce sujet ci-dessous. Payer une carte-cadeau avec une méthode de paiement traçable annule les avantages qu'une carte-cadeau peut offrir lorsqu'elle est achetée en espèces ou en Monero. +Lorsque vous achetez des cartes-cadeaux en ligne, vous bénéficiez généralement d'une légère réduction. Les cartes prépayées sont généralement vendues en ligne à leur valeur nominale ou moyennant des frais. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Payer une carte-cadeau avec une méthode de paiement traçable annule les avantages qu'une carte-cadeau peut offrir lorsqu'elle est achetée en espèces ou en Monero. - [Places de marché de cartes-cadeaux en ligne :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Ce sont généralement de bonnes options pour les paiements récurrents/abonneme ## Crypto-monnaie -Les crypto-monnaies sont une forme numérique de monnaie conçue pour fonctionner sans autorités centrales telles qu'un gouvernement ou une banque. Bien que *certains* projets de crypto-monnaie vous permettent d'effectuer des transactions privées en ligne, beaucoup d'entre eux utilisent une chaîne de blocs publique qui ne garantit pas la confidentialité des transactions. Les crypto-monnaies ont également tendance à être des actifs très volatils, ce qui signifie que leur valeur peut changer rapidement et de manière significative à tout moment. C'est pourquoi nous ne recommandons généralement pas d'utiliser les crypto-monnaies comme réserve de valeur à long terme. Si vous décidez d'utiliser des crypto-monnaies en ligne, assurez-vous au préalable de bien comprendre les aspects liés à la protection de la vie privée et n'investissez que des montants qu'il ne serait pas désastreux de perdre. +Les crypto-monnaies sont une forme numérique de monnaie conçue pour fonctionner sans autorités centrales telles qu'un gouvernement ou une banque. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. C'est pourquoi nous ne recommandons généralement pas d'utiliser les crypto-monnaies comme réserve de valeur à long terme. Si vous décidez d'utiliser des crypto-monnaies en ligne, assurez-vous au préalable de bien comprendre les aspects liés à la protection de la vie privée et n'investissez que des montants qu'il ne serait pas désastreux de perdre.

Danger

-La grande majorité des crypto-monnaies fonctionnent sur une chaîne de blocs **publique**, ce qui signifie que chaque transaction est connue de tous. Cela inclut même les crypto-monnaies les plus connues comme le Bitcoin et l'Ethereum. Les transactions avec ces crypto-monnaies ne doivent pas être considérées comme privées et ne protégeront pas votre anonymat. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Les transactions avec ces crypto-monnaies ne doivent pas être considérées comme privées et ne protégeront pas votre anonymat. -En outre, de nombreuses crypto-monnaies, si ce n'est la plupart, sont des escroqueries. Effectuez des transactions avec prudence, uniquement avec des projets auxquels vous faites confiance. +En outre, de nombreuses crypto-monnaies, si ce n'est la plupart, sont des escroqueries. Effectuez des transactions avec prudence, uniquement avec des projets auxquels vous faites confiance. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Il existe un certain nombre de projets de crypto-monnaies qui prétendent assure - [Crypto-monnaies recommandées :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Les crypto-monnaies privées font l'objet d'un examen de plus en plus minutieux de la part des agences gouvernementales. En 2020, [l'IRS a publié une prime de 625 000 dollars pour](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) des outils capables de rompre la confidentialité des transactions du Bitcoin Lightning Network et/ou de Monero. En fin de compte, ils [ont versé à deux sociétés](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis et Integra Fec) un montant combiné de 1,25 million $ pour des outils qui prétendent le faire (on ne sait pas quel réseau de crypto-monnaies ces outils ciblent). En raison du secret qui entoure ce type d'outils, ==aucune de ces méthodes de traçage des crypto-monnaies n'a été confirmée de manière indépendante.== Cependant, il est tout à fait probable que des outils qui aident les enquêtes ciblées sur les transactions de crypto-monnaies privées existent, et que les crypto-monnaies privées ne parviennent qu'à contrecarrer la surveillance de masse. +Les crypto-monnaies privées font l'objet d'un examen de plus en plus minutieux de la part des agences gouvernementales. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Autres crypto-monnaies (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -La grande majorité des projets de crypto-monnaies utilisent une chaîne de blocs publique, ce qui signifie que toutes les transactions sont à la fois facilement traçables et permanentes. C'est pourquoi nous décourageons fortement l'utilisation de la plupart des crypto-monnaies pour une utilisation liées à la protection de la vie privée. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. C'est pourquoi nous décourageons fortement l'utilisation de la plupart des crypto-monnaies pour une utilisation liées à la protection de la vie privée. -Les transactions anonymes sur une chaîne de blocs publique sont *théoriquement* possibles, et le wiki Bitcoin [donne un exemple de transaction "complètement anonyme"](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). Toutefois, cela nécessite une configuration compliquée impliquant Tor et le "minage en solo" d'un bloc pour générer une crypto-monnaie complètement indépendante, une pratique qui n'a pas été pratique pour presque tous les enthousiastes depuis de nombreuses années. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Votre meilleure option est d'éviter complètement ces crypto-monnaies et de vous en tenir à une qui assure la confidentialité par défaut.== Tenter d'utiliser d'autres crypto-monnaies sort du cadre de ce site et est fortement déconseillé. ### Garde du portefeuille -Il existe deux types de portefeuilles pour les crypto-monnaies : les portefeuilles dépositaires et les portefeuilles non dépositaires. Les portefeuilles dépositaires sont gérés par des sociétés centralisées ou des centres d'échange, qui détiennent la clé privée de votre portefeuille, et vous pouvez y accéder n'importe où, en général avec un nom d'utilisateur et un mot de passe ordinaires. Les portefeuilles non dépositaires sont des portefeuilles dont vous contrôlez et gérez les clés privées permettant d'y accéder. Si vous conservez les clés privées de votre portefeuille en toute sécurité et que vous les sauvegardez, les portefeuilles non dépositaires offrent une plus grande sécurité et une meilleure résistance à la censure que les portefeuilles dépositaires, car vos crypto-monnaies ne peuvent pas être volées ou gelées par une entreprise qui a la garde de vos clés privées. La garde des clés est particulièrement importante lorsqu'il s'agit de crypto-monnaies privées : les portefeuilles dépositaires permettent à la société d'exploitation de consulter vos transactions, ce qui annule les avantages de ces crypto-monnaies sur la protection de la vie privée. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Les portefeuilles dépositaires sont gérés par des sociétés centralisées ou des centres d'échange, qui détiennent la clé privée de votre portefeuille, et vous pouvez y accéder n'importe où, en général avec un nom d'utilisateur et un mot de passe ordinaires. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. La garde des clés est particulièrement importante lorsqu'il s'agit de crypto-monnaies privées : les portefeuilles dépositaires permettent à la société d'exploitation de consulter vos transactions, ce qui annule les avantages de ces crypto-monnaies sur la protection de la vie privée. ### Acquisition -Il peut être difficile d'acquérir des [crypto-monnaies](../cryptocurrency.md) comme Monero de façon privée. Les places de marché P2P, des plateformes qui facilitent les échanges entre les personnes, sont une option qui peut être utilisée. Si l'utilisation d'un centre d'échange exigeant le KYC est un risque acceptable pour vous tant que les transactions ultérieures ne peuvent pas être tracées, une option beaucoup plus facile est d'acheter des Monero sur un centre d'échange comme [Kraken](https://kraken.com), ou d'acheter des Bitcoin/Litecoin sur un centre d'échange KYC qui peuvent ensuite être échangés contre des Monero. Ensuite, vous pouvez retirer les Monero achetés vers votre propre portefeuille non dépositaire pour les utiliser de façon privée à partir de ce moment-là. +Il peut être difficile d'acquérir des [crypto-monnaies](../cryptocurrency.md) comme Monero de façon privée. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Si vous optez pour cette solution, veillez à acheter des Monero à des moments et dans des quantités différents de ceux où vous les dépenserez. Si vous achetez 5 000 $ de Monero sur un centre d'échange et que vous effectuez un achat de 5 000 $ avec du Monero une heure plus tard, ces actions pourraient potentiellement être corrélées par un observateur extérieur, quel que soit le chemin emprunté par le Monero. L'échelonnement des achats et l'achat de grandes quantités de Monero à l'avance pour les dépenser plus tard dans de multiples transactions plus petites peuvent permettre d'éviter ce piège. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ Si vous optez pour cette solution, veillez à acheter des Monero à des moments Lorsque vous effectuez un paiement en personne avec de l'argent liquide, n'oubliez pas de penser à votre vie privée physique. Les caméras de sécurité sont omniprésentes. Envisagez de porter des vêtements non distincts et un masque facial (tel qu'un masque chirurgical ou N95). Ne vous inscrivez pas à des programmes de récompense et ne fournissez pas d'autres informations vous concernant. Lorsque vous achetez en ligne, l'idéal est de le faire sur [Tor](tor-overview.md). Cependant, de nombreux commerçants n'autorisent pas les achats avec Tor. Vous pouvez envisager d'utiliser un [VPN recommandé](../vpn.md) (payé en espèces, par carte-cadeau ou par Monero), ou d'effectuer l'achat dans un café ou une bibliothèque disposant d'une connexion Wi-Fi gratuite. Si vous commandez un article physique qui doit être livré, vous devrez fournir une adresse de livraison. Vous devriez envisager d'utiliser une boîte postale, une boîte aux lettres privée ou une adresse professionnelle. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/fr/cloud.md b/i18n/fr/cloud.md index 979d5ca4..fe005d83 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/fr/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/fr/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/fr/cryptocurrency.md index e47c0596..59165c8a 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/fr/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ De nombreux projets de crypto-monnaies, voire la plupart, sont des escroqueries. Avec Monero, les observateurs extérieurs ne peuvent pas déchiffrer les adresses qui échangent des Monero, les montants des transactions, les soldes des adresses ou l'historique des transactions. -Pour une confidentialité optimale, assurez-vous d'utiliser un portefeuille non dépositaire, où la clé d'affichage reste sur l'appareil. Cela signifie que vous êtes le seul à pouvoir dépenser vos fonds et à voir les transactions entrantes et sortantes. Si vous utilisez un portefeuille dépositaire, le fournisseur peut voir **tout** ce que vous faites ; si vous utilisez un portefeuille "léger" dans lequel le fournisseur conserve votre clé d'affichage privée, il peut voir presque tout ce que vous faites. Parmi les portefeuilles non dépositaires, on peut citer : +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Des publications publiques montrent que le Financial Crimes Enforcement Network du département du Trésor américain [a accordé une licence à](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace pour son "module Monero" à la fin de l'année 2022. + +La confidentialité du graphe des transactions Monero est limitée par son cercle de signatures relativement petit, en particulier contre les attaques ciblées. Les caractéristiques de confidentialité de Monero ont également été [remises en question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) par certains chercheurs en sécurité, et un certain nombre de vulnérabilités graves ont été trouvées et corrigées dans le passé, de sorte que les affirmations faites par des organisations comme CipherTrace ne sont pas hors de question. S'il est peu probable qu'il existe des outils de surveillance de masse de Monero comme il en existe pour le Bitcoin et d'autres, il est certain que les outils de traçage facilitent les enquêtes ciblées. + +En fin de compte, Monero est la crypto-monnaie la plus respectueuse de la vie privée, mais ses revendications en matière de confidentialité **n'ont pas** été prouvées de manière définitive. Plus de temps et de recherche sont nécessaires pour évaluer si le Monero est suffisamment résistant aux attaques pour toujours offrir une protection adéquate de la vie privée. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Cela signifie que vous êtes le seul à pouvoir dépenser vos fonds et à voir les transactions entrantes et sortantes. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [le client Monero officiel](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (bureau) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet prend en charge plusieurs crypto-monnaies. Une version de Cake Wallet réservée aux utilisateurs de Monero est disponible pour iOS et Android sur [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (bureau) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Pour une confidentialité maximale (même avec un portefeuille non dépositaire), vous devriez utiliser votre propre nœud Monero. L'utilisation du nœud d'une autre personne expose certaines informations, telles que l'adresse IP à partir de laquelle vous vous connectez, les heures auxquelles vous synchronisez votre portefeuille et les transactions que vous envoyez à partir de votre portefeuille (mais pas d'autres détails sur ces transactions). Vous pouvez également vous connecter au nœud Monero de quelqu'un d'autre via Tor ou [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Des publications publiques montrent que le Financial Crimes Enforcement Network du département du Trésor américain [a accordé une licence à](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace pour son "module Monero" à la fin de l'année 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). L'utilisation du nœud d'une autre personne expose certaines informations, telles que l'adresse IP à partir de laquelle vous vous connectez, les heures auxquelles vous synchronisez votre portefeuille et les transactions que vous envoyez à partir de votre portefeuille (mais pas d'autres détails sur ces transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -La confidentialité du graphe des transactions Monero est limitée par son cercle de signatures relativement petit, en particulier contre les attaques ciblées. Les caractéristiques de confidentialité de Monero ont également été [remises en question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) par certains chercheurs en sécurité, et un certain nombre de vulnérabilités graves ont été trouvées et corrigées dans le passé, de sorte que les affirmations faites par des organisations comme CipherTrace ne sont pas hors de question. S'il est peu probable qu'il existe des outils de surveillance de masse de Monero comme il en existe pour le Bitcoin et d'autres, il est certain que les outils de traçage facilitent les enquêtes ciblées. +### Buying Monero -En fin de compte, Monero est la crypto-monnaie la plus respectueuse de la vie privée, mais ses revendications en matière de confidentialité **n'ont pas** été prouvées de manière définitive. Plus de temps et de recherche sont nécessaires pour évaluer si le Monero est suffisamment résistant aux attaques pour toujours offrir une protection adéquate de la vie privée. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Critères **Veuillez noter que nous ne sommes affiliés à aucun des projets que nous recommandons.** En plus de [nos critères de base](about/criteria.md), nous avons développé un ensemble d'exigences claires pour nous permettre de fournir des recommandations objectives. Nous vous suggérons de vous familiariser avec cette liste avant de choisir d'utiliser un projet, et de mener vos propres recherches pour vous assurer que c'est le bon choix pour vous. - La crypto-monnaie doit offrir des transactions privées/intraçables par défaut. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/fr/financial-services.md b/i18n/fr/financial-services.md index 31877d7a..c1f4a289 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/fr/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ Ces services vous permettent d'acheter des cartes-cadeaux pour une variété de - Accepte les paiements dans [une crypto-monnaie recommandée](cryptocurrency.md). - Pas d'obligation d'identification. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/fr/vpn.md b/i18n/fr/vpn.md index 666c15db..8b1a52f7 100644 --- a/i18n/fr/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/fr/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Nous exigeons de tous nos fournisseurs VPN recommandés qu'ils fournissent des f - Prise en charge de protocoles forts tels que WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Arrêt d'urgence intégré dans les clients. - Prise en charge du multi-sauts. Le multi-sauts est important pour garder les données privées en cas de compromission d'un seul noeud. -- Si des clients VPN sont fournis, ils doivent être [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), comme le logiciel VPN qui y est généralement intégré. Nous pensons que la disponibilité du [code source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) offre une plus grande transparence sur ce que fait réellement votre appareil. +- Si des clients VPN sont fournis, ils doivent être [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), comme le logiciel VPN qui y est généralement intégré. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Dans le meilleur des cas :** diff --git a/i18n/he/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/he/advanced/payments.md index f29e6ade..a7b192be 100644 --- a/i18n/he/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/he/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -יש סיבה לכך שנתונים על הרגלי הקנייה שלך נחשבים לגביע הקדוש של מיקוד מודעות: הרכישות שלך יכולות להדליף אוצר אמיתי של נתונים עליך. למרבה הצער, המערכת הפיננסית הנוכחית נוגדת פרטיות בעיצובה, ומאפשרת לבנקים, לחברות אחרות ולממשלות לעקוב בקלות אחר עסקאות. עם זאת, יש לך אפשרויות רבות בכל הנוגע לביצוע תשלומים באופן פרטי. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. למרבה הצער, המערכת הפיננסית הנוכחית נוגדת פרטיות בעיצובה, ומאפשרת לבנקים, לחברות אחרות ולממשלות לעקוב בקלות אחר עסקאות. עם זאת, יש לך אפשרויות רבות בכל הנוגע לביצוע תשלומים באופן פרטי. ## מזומן -במשך מאות שנים, **מזומן** תפקד כצורת התשלום הפרטית העיקרית. למזומן יש מאפייני פרטיות מצוינים ברוב המקרים, הוא מקובל ברוב המדינות ו**ניתן לשינוי**, כלומר אינו ייחודי וניתן להחלפה לחלוטין. +במשך מאות שנים, **מזומן** תפקד כצורת התשלום הפרטית העיקרית. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -חוקי התשלום במזומן משתנים בהתאם למדינה. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). העסק המקבל נדרש לזהות את שמו, כתובתו, עיסוקו, תאריך הלידה ומספר תעודת הזהות/אמצעי זיהוי אחרים של מקבל התשלום (עם כמה חריגים). גבולות נמוכים יותר ללא תעודת זהות כגון $3,000 או פחות קיימות עבור החלפות והעברת כסף. מזומן מכיל גם מספרים סידוריים. כמעט אף פעם לא עוקבים אחר אלה על ידי סוחרים, אבל הם יכולים לשמש את רשויות אכיפת החוק בחקירות ממוקדות. +חוקי התשלום במזומן משתנים בהתאם למדינה. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). העסק המקבל נדרש לזהות את שמו, כתובתו, עיסוקו, תאריך הלידה ומספר תעודת הזהות/אמצעי זיהוי אחרים של מקבל התשלום (עם כמה חריגים). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -למרות זאת, זו בדרך כלל האפשרות הטובה ביותר. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## כרטיסים בתשלום מראש & כרטיסי מתנה -קל יחסית לרכוש כרטיסי מתנה וכרטיסים משולמים ברוב חנויות המכולת וחנויות הנוחות במזומן. בכרטיסי מתנה בדרך כלל אין עמלה, אם כי לרוב יש בכרטיסים משולמים מראש, אז שימו לב היטב לעמלות ולתאריכי התפוגה הללו. חנויות מסוימות עשויות לבקש לראות את תעודת הזהות שלך בקופה כדי להפחית הונאה. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. בכרטיסי מתנה בדרך כלל אין עמלה, אם כי לרוב יש בכרטיסים משולמים מראש, אז שימו לב היטב לעמלות ולתאריכי התפוגה הללו. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. לכרטיסי מתנה יש בדרך כלל מגבלות של עד $200 לכרטיס, אבל חלקם מציעים הגבלה של עד $2,000 לכרטיס. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. לכרטיסי מתנה יש את החיסרון שהם כפופים למדיניות הסוחר, שיכולה להיות לה תנאים והגבלות איומים. לדוגמה, סוחרים מסוימים אינם מקבלים תשלום בכרטיסי מתנה באופן בלעדי, או שהם עשויים לבטל את ערך הכרטיס אם הם מחשיבים אותך כמשתמש בסיכון גבוה. ברגע שיש לך אשראי סוחר, לסוחר יש מידה חזקה של שליטה על אשראי זה. -כרטיסים בתשלום מראש אינם מאפשרים משיכת מזומן מכספומטים או תשלומים "עמית לעמית" ב-Venmo ובאפליקציות דומות. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -מזומן נשאר האפשרות הטובה ביותר עבור רכישות אישיות עבור רוב האנשים. כרטיסי מתנה יכולים להיות שימושיים עבור החיסכון שהם מביאים. כרטיסים משולמים מראש יכולים להיות שימושיים עבור מקומות שאינם מקבלים מזומן. קל יותר להשתמש בכרטיסי מתנה וכרטיסים משולמים באינטרנט מאשר במזומן, וקל יותר לרכוש אותם עם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים מאשר במזומן. +מזומן נשאר האפשרות הטובה ביותר עבור רכישות אישיות עבור רוב האנשים. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. כרטיסים משולמים מראש יכולים להיות שימושיים עבור מקומות שאינם מקבלים מזומן. קל יותר להשתמש בכרטיסי מתנה וכרטיסים משולמים באינטרנט מאשר במזומן, וקל יותר לרכוש אותם עם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים מאשר במזומן. ### חנויות אונליין -אם יש לך [מטבע קריפטוגרפי](../cryptocurrency.md), אתה יכול לרכוש כרטיסי מתנה עם שוק כרטיסי מתנה אונליין. חלק מהשירותים הללו מציעים אפשרויות אימות מזהה עבור מגבלות גבוהות יותר, אך הם גם מאפשרים חשבונות עם כתובת אימייל בלבד. מגבלות בסיסיות מתחילות ב-$5,000-10,000 ליום עבור חשבונות בסיסיים, ומגבלות גבוהות משמעותית עבור חשבונות מאומתים מזהים (אם מוצעים). +אם יש לך [מטבע קריפטוגרפי](../cryptocurrency.md), אתה יכול לרכוש כרטיסי מתנה עם שוק כרטיסי מתנה אונליין. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -בקניית כרטיסי מתנה באינטרנט, בדרך כלל יש הנחה קלה. כרטיסים משולמים מראש בדרך כלל נמכרים באינטרנט במחיר נקוב או בתשלום. אם אתה קונה כרטיסים משולמים מראש וכרטיסי מתנה עם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים, אתה צריך מאוד להעדיף לשלם עם Monero שמספק פרטיות חזקה, עוד על כך בהמשך. תשלום עבור כרטיס מתנה עם שיטת תשלום שניתן לעקוב אחריהם שולל את היתרונות שכרטיס מתנה יכול לספק ברכישה במזומן או ב-Monero. +בקניית כרטיסי מתנה באינטרנט, בדרך כלל יש הנחה קלה. כרטיסים משולמים מראש בדרך כלל נמכרים באינטרנט במחיר נקוב או בתשלום. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). תשלום עבור כרטיס מתנה עם שיטת תשלום שניתן לעקוב אחריהם שולל את היתרונות שכרטיס מתנה יכול לספק ברכישה במזומן או ב-Monero. - [שווקים של כרטיסי מתנה אונליין :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you stil ## מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים -מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים הם מטבע דיגיטלי שנועד לעבוד ללא רשויות מרכזיות כמו ממשלה או בנק. בעוד ש*כמה* פרויקטים של מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים יכולים לאפשר לך לבצע עסקאות פרטיות באופן מקוון, רבים משתמשים בבלוקצ'יין ציבורי שאינו מספק פרטיות עסקה כלשהי. מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים נוטים להיות נכסים מאוד תנודתיים, כלומר ערכם יכול להשתנות במהירות ובאופן משמעותי בכל עת. ככזה, אנו בדרך כלל לא ממליצים להשתמש במטבעות קריפטוגרפיים כמאגר ערך לטווח ארוך. אם תחליט להשתמש במטבעות קריפטוגרפיים באינטרנט, וודא שיש לך הבנה מלאה של היבטי הפרטיות שלו מראש, והשקיע רק סכומים שלא יהיה אסון להפסיד. +מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים הם מטבע דיגיטלי שנועד לעבוד ללא רשויות מרכזיות כמו ממשלה או בנק. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. ככזה, אנו בדרך כלל לא ממליצים להשתמש במטבעות קריפטוגרפיים כמאגר ערך לטווח ארוך. אם תחליט להשתמש במטבעות קריפטוגרפיים באינטרנט, וודא שיש לך הבנה מלאה של היבטי הפרטיות שלו מראש, והשקיע רק סכומים שלא יהיה אסון להפסיד.

Danger

-הרוב המכריע של מטבעות הקריפטו פועלים על בלוקצ'יין **ציבורי**, כלומר כל עסקה היא ידע ציבורי. זה כולל אפילו את רוב מטבעות הקריפטו הידועים כמו ביטקוין ואת'ריום. עסקאות עם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים אלה לא צריכות להיחשב פרטיות ולא יגנו על האנונימיות שלך. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. עסקאות עם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים אלה לא צריכות להיחשב פרטיות ולא יגנו על האנונימיות שלך. -בנוסף, רבים אם לא רוב המטבעות הקריפטו הם הונאות. בצע עסקאות בזהירות עם רק פרויקטים שאתה סומך עליהם. +בנוסף, רבים אם לא רוב המטבעות הקריפטו הם הונאות. בצע עסקאות בזהירות עם רק פרויקטים שאתה סומך עליהם. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you stil - [מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים מומלצים :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -מטבעות פרטיות היו נתונים לבדיקה גוברת של סוכנויות ממשלתיות. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. בסופו של דבר [הם שילמו לשתי חברות](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis ו-Integra Fec) סך של 1.25 מיליון דולר עבור כלים שמתיימרים לעשות זאת (לא ידוע לאיזו רשת מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים מכוונים הכלים הללו). בשל הסודיות סביב כלים כמו אלה, ==אף אחת מהשיטות הללו למעקב אחר מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים לא אושרה באופן עצמאי.== עם זאת, סביר מאוד להניח שקיימים כלים המסייעים לחקירות ממוקדות של עסקאות מטבעות פרטיות, ושמטבעות פרטיות מצליחים רק בסיכול מעקב המוני. +מטבעות פרטיות היו נתונים לבדיקה גוברת של סוכנויות ממשלתיות. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### מטבעות אחרים (ביטקוין, את'ריום וכו') -הרוב המכריע של פרויקטים של מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים משתמשים בבלוקצ'יין ציבורי, כלומר כל העסקאות הן ניתנות למעקב בקלות וקבועות. ככזה, אנו מונעים בתוקף את השימוש ברוב מטבעות הקריפטו מסיבות הקשורות לפרטיות. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. ככזה, אנו מונעים בתוקף את השימוש ברוב מטבעות הקריפטו מסיבות הקשורות לפרטיות. -עסקאות אנונימיות בבלוקצ'יין ציבורי אפשריות *תיאורטית*, וויקי הביטקוין [נותן דוגמה אחת לעסקה "אנונימית לחלוטין"](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). עם זאת, לעשות זאת דורשת הגדרה מסובכת הכוללת Tor ו"כריית סולו" של בלוק ליצירת מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים עצמאיים לחלוטין, פרקטיקה שלא הייתה מעשית עבור כמעט אף חובב במשך שנים רבות. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==האפשרות הטובה ביותר שלך היא להימנע לחלוטין ממטבעות קריפטוגרפיים אלה ולהישאר עם אחד שמספק פרטיות כברירת מחדל.== ניסיון להשתמש במטבעות קריפטוגרפיים אחרים הוא מחוץ לתחום של אתר זה ומומלץ מאוד. ### משמורת ארנק -עם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים יש שתי צורות של ארנקים: ארנקים משמורת וארנקים לא משמורים. ארנקי משמורת מופעלים על ידי חברות/בורסות מרכזיות, כאשר המפתח הפרטי של הארנק שלך מוחזק על ידי אותה חברה, ואתה יכול לגשת אליהם בכל מקום בדרך כלל עם שם משתמש וסיסמה רגילים. ארנקים לא משמורים הם ארנקים שבהם אתה שולט ומנהל את המפתחות הפרטיים כדי לגשת אליו. בהנחה שאתה שומר על המפתחות הפרטיים של הארנק שלך מאובטחים ומגובים, ארנקים לא משמורים מספקים אבטחה ועמידות גבוהה יותר לצנזורה על פני ארנקים משמורים, מכיוון שהמטבע הקריפטוגרפי שלך לא יכול להיגנב או להקפיא על ידי חברה עם משמורת על המפתחות הפרטיים שלך. שמירת מפתח חשובה במיוחד כשמדובר במטבעות פרטיות: ארנקי משמורת מעניקים לחברה המפעילה את היכולת לצפות בעסקאות שלך, מה ששולל את יתרונות הפרטיות של אותם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. ארנקי משמורת מופעלים על ידי חברות/בורסות מרכזיות, כאשר המפתח הפרטי של הארנק שלך מוחזק על ידי אותה חברה, ואתה יכול לגשת אליהם בכל מקום בדרך כלל עם שם משתמש וסיסמה רגילים. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. שמירת מפתח חשובה במיוחד כשמדובר במטבעות פרטיות: ארנקי משמורת מעניקים לחברה המפעילה את היכולת לצפות בעסקאות שלך, מה ששולל את יתרונות הפרטיות של אותם מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים. ### רכישה -רכישת [מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים](../cryptocurrency.md) כמו Monero באופן פרטי יכולה להיות קשה. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. לאחר מכן, אתה יכול למשוך את ה-Monero שנרכש לארנק הלא משמורן שלך כדי להשתמש בו באופן פרטי מנקודה זו ואילך. +רכישת [מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים](../cryptocurrency.md) כמו Monero באופן פרטי יכולה להיות קשה. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} אם אתם הולכים בדרך זו, דאגו לרכוש את Monero בזמנים שונים ובסכומים שונים מהמקום שבו תוציאו אותו. אם אתה רוכש 5,000$ של Monero בבורסה ותבצע רכישה של 5,000$ במונרו שעה לאחר מכן, פעולות אלו עשויות להיות מתואם על ידי צופה מבחוץ, ללא קשר לנתיב שהמונרו עבר. רכישות מדהימות ורכישת כמויות גדולות יותר של Monero מראש כדי לבזבז מאוחר יותר על מספר עסקאות קטנות יותר יכולות למנוע את המלכודת הזו. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you stil כאשר אתה מבצע תשלום באופן אישי במזומן, הקפד לשמור על הפרטיות האישית שלך בחשבון. מצלמות אבטחה נמצאות בכל מקום. שקול ללבוש בגדים לא מובחנים ומסיכת פנים (כגון מסכה כירורגית או N95). אל תירשם לתוכניות תגמולים ואל תספק מידע אחר על עצמך. בעת רכישה מקוונת, באופן אידיאלי עליך לעשות זאת דרך [Tor](tor-overview.md). עם זאת, סוחרים רבים אינם מאפשרים רכישות עם Tor. אתה יכול לשקול להשתמש ב-[VPN מומלץ ](../vpn.md) (בתשלום במזומן, כרטיס מתנה או Monero), או לבצע את הרכישה מבית קפה או ספרייה עם Wi-Fi בחינם. אם אתם מזמינים פריט פיזי שצריך לשלוח, תצטרכו לספק כתובת למשלוח. כדאי לשקול שימוש בתיבת דואר, תיבת דואר פרטית או כתובת עבודה. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/he/cloud.md b/i18n/he/cloud.md index d18bdf02..4cecd284 100644 --- a/i18n/he/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/he/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/he/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/he/cryptocurrency.md index 51f9e731..19b7bb49 100644 --- a/i18n/he/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/he/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ cover: cryptocurrency.webp עם Monero, משקיפים מבחוץ אינם יכולים לפענח כתובות מסחר Monero, סכומי עסקאות, יתרות כתובות או היסטוריית עסקאות. -לפרטיות מיטבית, הקפד להשתמש בארנק לא משמורן שבו מפתח התצוגה נשאר במכשיר. המשמעות היא שרק לך תהיה את היכולת להוציא את הכספים שלך ולראות עסקאות נכנסות ויוצאות. אם אתה משתמש בארנק משמורן, הספק יכול לראות **כל מה** שאתה עושה; אם אתה משתמש בארנק "קל משקל" שבו הספק שומר על מפתח התצוגה הפרטי שלך, הספק יכול לראות כמעט כל מה שאתה עושה. כמה ארנקים שאינם משמורנים כוללים: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. פרסומים פומביים מראים כי רשת אכיפת הפשעים הפיננסיים של משרד האוצר האמריקאי העניקה [רישיון](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) ל-"Monero Module" של CipherTrace בסוף 2022. + +פרטיות גרף העסקאות של Monero מוגבלת על ידי חתימות הטבעות הקטנות יחסית שלה, במיוחד נגד התקפות ממוקדות. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. אמנם אין זה סביר שכלי מעקב המוני Monero קיימים כפי שהם קיימים עבור ביטקוין ואחרים, אך בטוח שכלי מעקב מסייעים בחקירות ממוקדות. + +בסופו של דבר, Monero היא המתמודדת החזקה ביותר על מטבע קריפטוגרפי ידידותי לפרטיות, אך טענות הפרטיות שלה **לא** הוכחו באופן סופי כך או כך. נדרשים יותר זמן ומחקר כדי להעריך אם Monero עמיד מספיק בפני התקפות כדי לספק תמיד פרטיות נאותה. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. המשמעות היא שרק לך תהיה את היכולת להוציא את הכספים שלך ולראות עסקאות נכנסות ויוצאות. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (שולחני) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet תומך במספר מטבעות קריפטוגרפיים. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -לפרטיות מקסימלית (אפילו עם ארנק לא משמורן), עליך להפעיל צומת Monero משלך. שימוש בצומת של אדם אחר יחשוף בפניו מידע מסוים, כגון כתובת ה-IP שממנה אתה מתחבר אליו, חותמות הזמן שאתה מסנכרן את הארנק שלך והעסקאות שאתה שולח מהארנק שלך (אם כי אין פרטים נוספים על עסקאות אלו). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. פרסומים פומביים מראים כי רשת אכיפת הפשעים הפיננסיים של משרד האוצר האמריקאי העניקה [רישיון](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) ל-"Monero Module" של CipherTrace בסוף 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). שימוש בצומת של אדם אחר יחשוף בפניו מידע מסוים, כגון כתובת ה-IP שממנה אתה מתחבר אליו, חותמות הזמן שאתה מסנכרן את הארנק שלך והעסקאות שאתה שולח מהארנק שלך (אם כי אין פרטים נוספים על עסקאות אלו). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -פרטיות גרף העסקאות של Monero מוגבלת על ידי חתימות הטבעות הקטנות יחסית שלה, במיוחד נגד התקפות ממוקדות. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. אמנם אין זה סביר שכלי מעקב המוני Monero קיימים כפי שהם קיימים עבור ביטקוין ואחרים, אך בטוח שכלי מעקב מסייעים בחקירות ממוקדות. +### Buying Monero -בסופו של דבר, Monero היא המתמודדת החזקה ביותר על מטבע קריפטוגרפי ידידותי לפרטיות, אך טענות הפרטיות שלה **לא** הוכחו באופן סופי כך או כך. נדרשים יותר זמן ומחקר כדי להעריך אם Monero עמיד מספיק בפני התקפות כדי לספק תמיד פרטיות נאותה. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## קריטריונים **שים לב שאיננו קשורים לאף אחד מהפרויקטים שאנו ממליצים עליהם.** בנוסף ל [הקריטריונים הסטנדרטיים שלנו](about/criteria.md), פיתחנו סט ברור של דרישות כדי לאפשר לנו לספק המלצות אובייקטיביות. אנו מציעים לך להכיר את הרשימה הזו לפני שתבחר להשתמש בפרויקט, ולערוך מחקר משלך כדי להבטיח שזו הבחירה הנכונה עבורך. - מטבעות קריפטו חייבים לספק עסקאות פרטיות/בלתי ניתנות לאיתור כברירת מחדל. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/he/financial-services.md b/i18n/he/financial-services.md index 856880ac..ca304442 100644 --- a/i18n/he/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/he/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ Privacy.com מספק מידע על הסוחרים מהם אתה רוכש לבנ - מקבל תשלום ב[מטבע קריפטוגרפי מומלץ](cryptocurrency.md). - אין צורך בתעודת זהות. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/he/vpn.md b/i18n/he/vpn.md index 1108d679..2a7f56f3 100644 --- a/i18n/he/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/he/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Mullvad is very transparent about which nodes they [own or rent](https://mullvad - תמיכה בפרוטוקולים חזקים כגון WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch מובנה בקליינטים. - תמיכה Multihop. Multihopping חשוב לשמור על נתונים פרטיים במקרה של פשרה צומת אחת. -- אם מסופקים לקוחות VPN, הם צריכים להיות [קוד פתוח](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), כמו תוכנת ה-VPN שהם בדרך כלל מובנים בהם. אנחנו מאמינים שזמינות של [קוד מקור](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) מספקת שקיפות רבה יותר לגבי מה שהמכשיר שלך עושה בפועל. +- אם מסופקים לקוחות VPN, הם צריכים להיות [קוד פתוח](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), כמו תוכנת ה-VPN שהם בדרך כלל מובנים בהם. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **המקרה הטוב ביותר:** diff --git a/i18n/hi/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/hi/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/hi/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/hi/cloud.md b/i18n/hi/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/hi/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/hi/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/hi/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/hi/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/hi/financial-services.md b/i18n/hi/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/hi/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/hi/vpn.md b/i18n/hi/vpn.md index 094cae64..2c0992e0 100644 --- a/i18n/hi/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/hi/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/hu/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/hu/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/hu/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/hu/cloud.md b/i18n/hu/cloud.md index c4ea25c7..018ce527 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/hu/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/hu/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/hu/cryptocurrency.md index 96d7a6be..6b47ce9f 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/hu/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Követelmények **Tartsd figyelemben, hogy nem állunk kapcsolatban az általunk ajánlott projektek egyikével sem.** Az [alap kritériumaink mellett](about/criteria.md), egyértelmű követelményrendszert dolgoztunk ki, hogy objektív ajánlásokat tudjunk tenni. Javasoljuk, hogy ismerkedj meg ezzel a listával, mielőtt kiválasztanál egy projektet, és végezz saját kutatásokat, hogy megbizonyosodj arról, hogy ez a megfelelő választás számodra. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/hu/financial-services.md b/i18n/hu/financial-services.md index 7bcfc5b8..b8ee565e 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/hu/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/hu/vpn.md b/i18n/hu/vpn.md index 26b3779d..d9528d52 100644 --- a/i18n/hu/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/hu/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Minden általunk ajánlott VPN-szolgáltatótól elvárjuk, hogy biztosítson Op - Olyan erős protokollok támogatása, mint a WireGuard és az OpenVPN. - Kliensekbe beépített killswitch. - Multihop támogatás. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. Úgy véljük, hogy a [forráskód](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) elérhetősége nagyobb átláthatóságot biztosít arról, hogy az eszközöd valójában mit csinál. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Legjobb Esetben:** diff --git a/i18n/id/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/id/advanced/payments.md index b792a2e6..1967c75d 100644 --- a/i18n/id/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/id/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -Ada alasan mengapa data tentang kebiasaan membeli Anda dianggap sebagai cawan suci penargetan iklan: pembelian Anda dapat membocorkan harta karun data tentang Anda. Sayangnya, sistem keuangan saat ini dirancang antiprivasi, sehingga memungkinkan bank, perusahaan lain, dan pemerintah untuk melacak transaksi dengan mudah. Namun demikian, Anda memiliki banyak pilihan untuk melakukan pembayaran secara pribadi. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Sayangnya, sistem keuangan saat ini dirancang antiprivasi, sehingga memungkinkan bank, perusahaan lain, dan pemerintah untuk melacak transaksi dengan mudah. Namun demikian, Anda memiliki banyak pilihan untuk melakukan pembayaran secara pribadi. ## Uang Tunai -Selama berabad-abad, **uang tunai** telah berfungsi sebagai bentuk utama pembayaran pribadi. Uang tunai memiliki sifat privasi yang sangat baik dalam banyak kasus, diterima secara luas di sebagian besar negara, dan **dapat dipertukarkan**, artinya tidak unik dan sepenuhnya dapat dipertukarkan. +Selama berabad-abad, **uang tunai** telah berfungsi sebagai bentuk utama pembayaran pribadi. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Undang-undang pembayaran tunai bervariasi menurut negara. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). Bisnis penerima wajib memverifikasi nama, alamat, pekerjaan, tanggal lahir, dan Nomor Jaminan Sosial atau NPWP penerima (dengan beberapa pengecualian). Batas bawah tanpa ID seperti $3.000 atau kurang dari itu ada untuk pertukaran dan pengiriman uang. Uang tunai juga memiliki nomor seri. Ini hampir tidak pernah dilacak oleh pedagang, tetapi dapat digunakan oleh penegak hukum dalam penyelidikan yang ditargetkan. +Undang-undang pembayaran tunai bervariasi menurut negara. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). Bisnis penerima wajib memverifikasi nama, alamat, pekerjaan, tanggal lahir, dan Nomor Jaminan Sosial atau NPWP penerima (dengan beberapa pengecualian). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Meskipun demikian, ini biasanya merupakan pilihan terbaik. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Kartu Prabayar & Kartu Hadiah -Membeli kartu hadiah dan kartu prabayar di sebagian besar toko kelontong dan minimarket dengan uang tunai relatif mudah. Kartu hadiah biasanya tidak dikenakan biaya, meskipun kartu prabayar sering kali dikenakan biaya, jadi perhatikan baik-baik biaya dan tanggal kedaluwarsanya. Beberapa toko mungkin akan meminta kartu identitas Anda pada saat pembayaran untuk mengurangi penipuan. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Kartu hadiah biasanya tidak dikenakan biaya, meskipun kartu prabayar sering kali dikenakan biaya, jadi perhatikan baik-baik biaya dan tanggal kedaluwarsanya. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Kartu hadiah biasanya memiliki batas hingga $200 per kartu, tetapi ada juga yang menawarkan batas hingga $2.000 per kartu. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Kartu hadiah memiliki sisi negatif karena tunduk pada kebijakan merchant, yang dapat memiliki persyaratan dan batasan yang buruk. Misalnya, beberapa penjual tidak menerima pembayaran dengan kartu hadiah secara eksklusif, atau mereka mungkin membatalkan nilai kartu jika mereka menganggap Anda sebagai pengguna berisiko tinggi. Setelah Anda memiliki kredit penjual, penjual memiliki tingkat kontrol yang kuat atas kredit ini. -Kartu prabayar tidak mengizinkan penarikan tunai dari ATM atau pembayaran "peer-to-peer" di Venmo dan aplikasi serupa. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Uang tunai tetap menjadi pilihan terbaik untuk pembelian secara langsung bagi kebanyakan orang. Kartu hadiah dapat berguna untuk penghematan yang mereka bawa. Kartu prabayar dapat berguna untuk tempat-tempat yang tidak menerima uang tunai. Kartu hadiah dan kartu prabayar lebih mudah digunakan secara daring daripada uang tunai, dan lebih mudah diperoleh dengan mata uang kripto daripada uang tunai. +Uang tunai tetap menjadi pilihan terbaik untuk pembelian secara langsung bagi kebanyakan orang. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Kartu prabayar dapat berguna untuk tempat-tempat yang tidak menerima uang tunai. Kartu hadiah dan kartu prabayar lebih mudah digunakan secara daring daripada uang tunai, dan lebih mudah diperoleh dengan mata uang kripto daripada uang tunai. ### Pasar Daring -Jika Anda memiliki [mata uang kripto](../cryptocurrency.md), Anda dapat membeli kartu hadiah dengan pasar kartu hadiah daring. Beberapa layanan ini menawarkan opsi verifikasi ID untuk batas yang lebih tinggi, tetapi mereka juga mengizinkan akun hanya dengan alamat surel. Batas dasar mulai dari $5.000-10.000 per hari untuk akun dasar, dan limit yang jauh lebih tinggi untuk akun terverifikasi ID (jika ditawarkan). +Jika Anda memiliki [mata uang kripto](../cryptocurrency.md), Anda dapat membeli kartu hadiah dengan pasar kartu hadiah daring. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Saat membeli kartu hadiah secara daring, biasanya ada sedikit diskon. Kartu prabayar biasanya dijual secara daring dengan harga nominal atau dengan biaya. Jika Anda membeli kartu prabayar dan kartu hadiah dengan mata uang kripto, Anda sebaiknya memilih untuk membayar dengan Monero yang memberikan privasi yang kuat, lebih lanjut tentang hal ini di bawah ini. Membayar kartu hadiah dengan metode pembayaran yang dapat dilacak meniadakan manfaat yang dapat diberikan oleh kartu hadiah ketika dibeli dengan uang tunai atau Monero. +Saat membeli kartu hadiah secara daring, biasanya ada sedikit diskon. Kartu prabayar biasanya dijual secara daring dengan harga nominal atau dengan biaya. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Membayar kartu hadiah dengan metode pembayaran yang dapat dilacak meniadakan manfaat yang dapat diberikan oleh kartu hadiah ketika dibeli dengan uang tunai atau Monero. - [Pasar Kartu Hadiah Daring :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Ini cenderung menjadi pilihan yang baik untuk pembayaran berulang/langganan seca ## Mata Uang Kripto -Mata uang kripto adalah bentuk mata uang digital yang dirancang untuk bekerja tanpa otoritas pusat seperti pemerintah atau bank. Meskipun *beberapa* proyek mata uang kripto memungkinkan Anda untuk melakukan transaksi pribadi secara daring, banyak yang menggunakan blockchain publik yang tidak memberikan privasi transaksi. Mata uang kripto juga cenderung merupakan aset yang sangat fluktuatif, artinya nilainya dapat berubah dengan cepat dan signifikan kapan saja. Oleh karena itu, kami umumnya tidak menyarankan penggunaan mata uang kripto sebagai penyimpan nilai jangka panjang. Jika Anda memutuskan untuk menggunakan mata uang kripto secara daring, pastikan Anda memiliki pemahaman penuh mengenai aspek privasinya terlebih dahulu, dan hanya menginvestasikan jumlah yang tidak akan menyebabkan kerugian besar. +Mata uang kripto adalah bentuk mata uang digital yang dirancang untuk bekerja tanpa otoritas pusat seperti pemerintah atau bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Oleh karena itu, kami umumnya tidak menyarankan penggunaan mata uang kripto sebagai penyimpan nilai jangka panjang. Jika Anda memutuskan untuk menggunakan mata uang kripto secara daring, pastikan Anda memiliki pemahaman penuh mengenai aspek privasinya terlebih dahulu, dan hanya menginvestasikan jumlah yang tidak akan menyebabkan kerugian besar.

Danger

-Sebagian besar mata uang kripto beroperasi pada blockchain **publik**, yang berarti bahwa setiap transaksi diketahui oleh publik. Ini termasuk mata uang kripto yang paling terkenal seperti Bitcoin dan Ethereum. Transaksi dengan mata uang kripto ini tidak dapat dianggap sebagai transaksi pribadi dan tidak akan melindungi anonimitas Anda. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transaksi dengan mata uang kripto ini tidak dapat dianggap sebagai transaksi pribadi dan tidak akan melindungi anonimitas Anda. -Selain itu, banyak atau bahkan sebagian besar mata uang kripto adalah penipuan. Lakukan transaksi dengan hati-hati hanya dengan proyek yang Anda percayai. +Selain itu, banyak atau bahkan sebagian besar mata uang kripto adalah penipuan. Lakukan transaksi dengan hati-hati hanya dengan proyek yang Anda percayai. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Ada sejumlah proyek mata uang kripto yang bertujuan untuk memberikan privasi den - [Mata Uang Kripto yang Direkomendasikan :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Koin privasi telah menjadi sasaran pengawasan yang semakin meningkat oleh badan-badan pemerintah. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Koin privasi telah menjadi sasaran pengawasan yang semakin meningkat oleh badan-badan pemerintah. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/id/cloud.md b/i18n/id/cloud.md index 26fb6ff7..697b7841 100644 --- a/i18n/id/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/id/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/id/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/id/cryptocurrency.md index 0c6bd902..0c185449 100644 --- a/i18n/id/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/id/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Banyak atau bahkan sebagian besar proyek mata uang kripto adalah penipuan. Lakuk Dengan Monero, pengamat luar tidak dapat menguraikan alamat yang memperdagangkan Monero, jumlah transaksi, saldo alamat, atau riwayat transaksi. -Untuk privasi yang optimal, pastikan untuk menggunakan dompet nonkustodian di mana kunci tampilan tetap berada di perangkat. Ini berarti hanya Anda yang dapat menggunakan dana Anda dan melihat transaksi yang masuk dan keluar. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Ini berarti hanya Anda yang dapat menggunakan dana Anda dan melihat transaksi yang masuk dan keluar. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Kriteria **Harap diperhatikan bahwa kami tidak berafiliasi dengan proyek-proyek yang kami rekomendasikan.** Selain [kriteria standar kami](about/criteria.md), kami telah mengembangkan serangkaian persyaratan yang jelas untuk memungkinkan kami memberikan rekomendasi yang objektif. Kami sarankan Anda membiasakan diri dengan daftar ini sebelum memilih untuk menggunakan sebuah proyek, dan melakukan penelitian sendiri untuk memastikan bahwa itu adalah pilihan yang tepat untuk Anda. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/id/financial-services.md b/i18n/id/financial-services.md index c6c9f866..76031b10 100644 --- a/i18n/id/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/id/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/id/vpn.md b/i18n/id/vpn.md index d3663f1b..dcef11e6 100644 --- a/i18n/id/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/id/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Kami mewajibkan semua penyedia VPN yang kami rekomendasikan untuk menyediakan be - Dukungan untuk protokol yang kuat seperti WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch yang terpasang pada klien. - Dukungan multihop. Multihopping penting untuk menjaga kerahasiaan data jika terjadi kompromi pada satu node. -- Jika klien VPN tersedia, klien tersebut seharusnya [bersumber terbuka](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_sumber_terbuka), seperti perangkat lunak VPN yang umumnya sudah terpasang di dalamnya. Kami percaya bahwa ketersediaan [kode sumber](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kode_sumber) memberikan transparansi yang lebih besar tentang apa yang sebenarnya dilakukan oleh perangkat Anda. +- Jika klien VPN tersedia, klien tersebut seharusnya [bersumber terbuka](https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perangkat_lunak_sumber_terbuka), seperti perangkat lunak VPN yang umumnya sudah terpasang di dalamnya. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Kasus Terbaik:** diff --git a/i18n/it/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/it/advanced/payments.md index d52e7d59..66671546 100644 --- a/i18n/it/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/it/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -C'è un motivo per cui i dati sulle tue abitudini d'acquisto siano considerati il Sacro Graal del targeting pubblicitario: i tuoi acquisti possono far trapelare un vero e proprio tesoro di dati su di te. Sfortunatamente, il sistema finanziario del momento è anti-privacy di design, consentendo a banche, altre aziende e governi di tracciare facilmente le transazioni. Tuttavia, disponi di molte opzioni, per quanto riguarda effettuare pagamenti in modo privato. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Sfortunatamente, il sistema finanziario del momento è anti-privacy di design, consentendo a banche, altre aziende e governi di tracciare facilmente le transazioni. Tuttavia, disponi di molte opzioni, per quanto riguarda effettuare pagamenti in modo privato. ## Contanti -Per secoli, **il contante** ha rappresentato la forma principale di pagamento privato. Il contante presenta eccellenti proprietà di privacy in gran parte dei casi, è ampiamente accettato in gran parte dei paesi ed è **fungibile**, a significare che non è unico ed è interamente intercambiabile. +Per secoli, **il contante** ha rappresentato la forma principale di pagamento privato. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Le leggi sul pagamento in contanti variano a seconda del paese. Negli Stati Uniti, per i pagamenti in contanti superiori a 10.000 dollari è richiesta una comunicazione speciale all'IRS tramite il [modulo 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). L'azienda ricevente deve verificare l'ID del nome, l'indirizzo, l'occupazione, la data di nascita e il Numero di Sicurezza Sociale o altro TIN (con alcune eccezioni), del pagatore. Esistono dei limiti inferiori senza ID, per $3.000 o inferiori, per i cambi e i trasferimenti di denaro. Inoltre, i contanti contengono dei numeri di serie. Questi non sono quasi mai tracciati dai venditori, ma sono utilizzabili dalle autorità nelle indagini mirate. +Le leggi sul pagamento in contanti variano a seconda del paese. Negli Stati Uniti, per i pagamenti in contanti superiori a 10.000 dollari è richiesta una comunicazione speciale all'IRS tramite il [modulo 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). L'azienda ricevente deve verificare l'ID del nome, l'indirizzo, l'occupazione, la data di nascita e il Numero di Sicurezza Sociale o altro TIN (con alcune eccezioni), del pagatore. Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Nonostante ciò, è tipicamente l'opzione migliore. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Carte Prepagate e Carte Regalo -Acquistare carte regalo e carte prepagate presso gran parte dei negozi di alimentari e minimarket è relativamente semplice, con i contanti. Solitamente, le carte regalo, non prevedono commissioni, a differenza delle carte prepagate; quindi, presta particolare attenzione a tali commissioni e alle date di scadenza. Alcuni negozi potrebbero richiedere di fornire il tuo ID al pagamento, per ridurre le frodi. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Solitamente, le carte regalo, non prevedono commissioni, a differenza delle carte prepagate; quindi, presta particolare attenzione a tali commissioni e alle date di scadenza. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Solitamente, le carte regalo, hanno limiti di fino a $200 per carta, mentre alcune offrono limiti superiori ai $2.000 per carta. Le carte prepagate (ad esempio, quelle di Visa o Mastercard) hanno solitamente un limite massimo di 1.000 dollari per carta. Le carte regalo hanno lo svantaggio di essere soggette alle politiche dei venditori, che potrebbero avere termini e limitazioni terribili. Ad esempio, alcuni venditori non accettano pagamenti esclusivi con carte regalo, o potrebbero annullare il valore della carta se ti considerano un utente ad alto rischio. Una volta ottenuto il credito del venditore, il venditore ha un forte controllo su di esso. -Le carte prepagate non consentono i prelievi di contanti dagli sportelli automatici o i pagamenti "tra pari" su Venmo e app simili. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Il contante resta l'opzione migliore per gli acquisti di persona, per gran parte delle persone. Le carte regalo possono essere utili per i risparmi che comportano. Le carte prepagate possono essere utili per i luoghi che non accettano contanti. Le carte regalo e le carte prepagate sono più facili da utilizzare online, rispetto ai contanti, e sono più facili da acquisire con le criptovalute che con i contanti. +Il contante resta l'opzione migliore per gli acquisti di persona, per gran parte delle persone. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Le carte prepagate possono essere utili per i luoghi che non accettano contanti. Le carte regalo e le carte prepagate sono più facili da utilizzare online, rispetto ai contanti, e sono più facili da acquisire con le criptovalute che con i contanti. ### Mercati Online -Se possiedi delle [criptovalute](../cryptocurrency.md), puoi acquistare delle carte regalo con un mercato online dedicato. Alcuni di questi servizi offrono opzioni di verifica dell'ID per limiti superiori, oltre a consentire conti che utilizzano soltanto un indirizzo email. I limiti di base partono da $5.000-10.000 al giorno per i conti di base e limiti significativamente superiori per i conti verificati con ID (se offerti). +Se possiedi delle [criptovalute](../cryptocurrency.md), puoi acquistare delle carte regalo con un mercato online dedicato. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Acquistando le carte regalo online, solitamente è offerto un lieve sconto. Le carte prepagate sono solitamente vendute online al valore nominale o con una commissione. Se acquisti carte prepagate e carte regalo con le criptovalute, dovresti preferire vivamente il pagamento con Monero, che fornisce una forte privacy, di più a riguardo in seguito. Pagare una carta regalo con un metodo di pagamento rintracciabile annulla i vantaggi forniti dalle stesse, quando acquistate in contanti o con Monero. +Acquistando le carte regalo online, solitamente è offerto un lieve sconto. Le carte prepagate sono solitamente vendute online al valore nominale o con una commissione. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Pagare una carta regalo con un metodo di pagamento rintracciabile annulla i vantaggi forniti dalle stesse, quando acquistate in contanti o con Monero. - [Mercati Online di Carte Regalo :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Queste, tendono a essere buone opzioni per i pagamenti ricorrenti/abbonamenti on ## Criptovalute -Le criptovalute sono una forma di valuta digitale, progettata per funzionare senza autorità centrale, come un governo o una banca. Mentre *alcuni* progetti di criptovalute possono consentirti di effettuare transazioni private online, molti utilizzano una blockchain pubblica che non fornisce alcuna privacy delle transazioni. Inoltre, le criptovalute tendono a essere risorse molto volatili, a significare che il loro valore può cambiare rapidamente e significativamente, in qualsiasi momento. Per questo, generalmente, sconsigliamo l'utilizzo di criptovalute come riserva di valore a lungo termine. Se decidi di utilizzare le criptovalute online, assicurati prima di avere la piena comprensione degli aspetti relativi alla privacy, e di investire soltanto somme che non sarebbero disastrose da perdere. +Le criptovalute sono una forma di valuta digitale, progettata per funzionare senza autorità centrale, come un governo o una banca. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Per questo, generalmente, sconsigliamo l'utilizzo di criptovalute come riserva di valore a lungo termine. Se decidi di utilizzare le criptovalute online, assicurati prima di avere la piena comprensione degli aspetti relativi alla privacy, e di investire soltanto somme che non sarebbero disastrose da perdere.

Attenzione

-La maggior parte delle criptovalute operano su una blockchain **pubblica**, il che significa che ogni transazione è di dominio pubblico. Ciò include anche gran parte delle criptovalute più note, come Bitcoin ed Ethereum. Le transazioni con tali criptovalute non dovrebbero essere considerate private e non proteggeranno il tuo anonimato. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Le transazioni con tali criptovalute non dovrebbero essere considerate private e non proteggeranno il tuo anonimato. -Inoltre, molte, se non la maggior parte, delle criptovalute sono truffe. Effettua attentamente le transazioni, soltanto con i progetti di cui ti fidi. +Inoltre, molte, se non la maggior parte, delle criptovalute sono truffe. Effettua attentamente le transazioni, soltanto con i progetti di cui ti fidi. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Esistono numerosi progetti di criptovalute che pretendono di garantire la privac - [Criptovalute consigliate :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Le Privacy Coins sono state oggetto di un crescente controllo da parte delle agenzie governative. Nel 2020, [l'IRS ha pubblicato una taglia di 625.000$](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) per gli strumenti in grado di violare il Bitcoin Lightning Network e/o la privacy delle transazioni di Monero. Infine, [hanno pagato due aziende](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chinalysis e Integra Fec), per un totale di $1,25 milioni per strumenti che pretendono di farlo (non si sa quale rete di criptovalute sia mirata da tali strumenti). A causa della segretezza che circonda strumenti come questi, ==nessuno di questi metodi di tracciamento delle criptovalute è stato confermato indipendentemente.== Tuttavia, è molto probabile che esistano strumenti che aiutano le indagini mirate sulle transazioni di monete private, e che le monete private riescano solo a contrastare la sorveglianza di massa. +Le Privacy Coins sono state oggetto di un crescente controllo da parte delle agenzie governative. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Altre Valute (Bitcoin, Ethereum, ecc.) -La vasta maggioranza dei progetti di criptovalute utilizza una blockchain pubblica, a significare che tutte le transazioni sono sia facilmente tracciabili che permanenti. Come tali, scoraggiamo vivamente l'utilizzo di gran parte delle criptovalute, per le motivazioni correlate alla privacy. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. Come tali, scoraggiamo vivamente l'utilizzo di gran parte delle criptovalute, per le motivazioni correlate alla privacy. -Le transazioni anonime su una blockchain pubblica sono *teoricamente* possibili, e la wiki di Bitcoin [fornisce un esempio di una transazione "completamente anonima"](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). Tuttavia, per farlo, è necessaria una configurazione complicata con Tor e il "mining in solo" di un blocco per generare criptovalute completamente indipendenti, un metodo considerato poco pratico praticamente da ogni appassionato, per molti anni. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==La tua migliore opzione è evitare interamente queste criptovalute e sceglierne uno che fornisca la privacy di default.== Tentare di utilizzare altre criptovalute è al di fuori dell'ambito di questo sito ed è vivamente sconsigliato. ### Custodia del portafoglio -Per le criptovalute esistono due forme di portafogli: custodiali e non custodiali. I portafogli custodiali sono operati da aziende/piattaforme di scambio centralizzate, che possiedono la chiave privata per il tuo portafoglio; puoi accedervi ovunque, tipicamente con un nome utente e una password regolari. I portafogli non custodiali sono portafogli in cui l'utente controlla e gestisce le chiavi private per accedervi. Supponendo che tu mantenga le chiavi private del tuo portafoglio al sicuro, i portafogli non custodiali forniscono una maggiore sicurezza e resistenza alla censura, rispetto a quelli custoddiali, poiché le tue criptovalute non possono essere rubate o congelate da un'azienda avente la custodia delle tue chiavi private. La custodia della chiave è specialmente importante per quanto riguarda le valute della privacy: i portafogli custodiali garantiscono all'azienda operante, l'abilità di visualizzare le tue transazioni, annullando i vantaggi di tali criptovalute in termini di privacy. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. I portafogli custodiali sono operati da aziende/piattaforme di scambio centralizzate, che possiedono la chiave privata per il tuo portafoglio; puoi accedervi ovunque, tipicamente con un nome utente e una password regolari. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. La custodia della chiave è specialmente importante per quanto riguarda le valute della privacy: i portafogli custodiali garantiscono all'azienda operante, l'abilità di visualizzare le tue transazioni, annullando i vantaggi di tali criptovalute in termini di privacy. ### Acquisizione -Acquisire [criptovalute](../cryptocurrency.md) come Monero in modo privato, può essere difficile. I marketplace P2P, piattaforme che facilitano gli scambi tra persone, sono un'opzione che può essere utilizzata. Se l'utilizzo di un exchange che richiede il KYC è un rischio accettabile per te, finché le transazioni successive non sono tracciabili, un'opzione molto più facile è acquistare Monero su una piattaforma come [Kraken](https://kraken.com), o acquistare Bitcoin/Litecoin da una piattaforma KYC, poi scambiabili per Monero. Quindi, potrai prelevare i Monero acquistati sul tuo portafoglio non custodiale, per utilizzarli privatamente in seguito. +Acquisire [criptovalute](../cryptocurrency.md) come Monero in modo privato, può essere difficile. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Se scegli di procedere così, assicurati di acquistare Monero in momenti differenti e in importi differenti, rispetto a dove li spenderai. Se acquisti $5000 Monero su una piattaforma di scambio ed effettui un acquisto di $5000 in Monero un'ora dopo, queste azioni potrebbero potenzialmente essere correlate a un osservatore esterno, indipendentemente dal percorso intrapreso dai Monero. Frammentare gli acquisti e acquistare importi maggiori di Monero in anticipo, per poi spenderli su più transazioni di piccole dimensioni, può evitare tale insidia. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ Se scegli di procedere così, assicurati di acquistare Monero in momenti differe Effettuando un pagamento di persona in contanti, assicurati di tenere a mente la tua privacy personale. Le telecamere di sicurezza sono onnipresenti. Considera di indossare abiti non distinti e una mascherina (come una mascherina chirurgica o N95). Non iscriverti a programmi a premi, e non fornire alcuna altra informazione su di te. Acquistando online, idealmente, dovresti farlo su [Tor](tor-overview.md). Tuttavia, molti commercianti non consentono gli acquisti con Tor. Puoi prendere in considerazione l'utilizzo di una [VPN consigliata](../vpn.md) (pagata in contanti, carte regalo o Monero), o di effettuare l'acquisto da un bar o da una libreria, con una Wi-Fi gratuita. Se stai ordinando un articolo fisico che dev'essere consegnato, dovrai fornire un indirizzo di consegna. Dovresti considerare l'utilizzo di una casella postale, casella privata o indirizzo di lavoro. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/it/cloud.md b/i18n/it/cloud.md index b92c86d1..13a4ca77 100644 --- a/i18n/it/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/it/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/it/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/it/cryptocurrency.md index 7e027fca..39bad343 100644 --- a/i18n/it/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/it/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Molte, se non la gran parte delle criptovalute sono delle truffe. Effettua atten Con Monero, gli osservatori esterni non possono decifrare gli indirizzi che scambiano Monero, gli importi delle transazioni, i saldi degli indirizzi o gli storici delle transazioni. -Per una privacy ottimale, assicurati di utilizzare un portafoglio non custodiale in cui la chiave di visualizzazione del portafoglio resta sul dispositivo. Ciò significa che soltanto tu potrai spendere i tuoi fondi e visualizzare le transazioni in entrata e in uscita. Se utilizzi un portafoglio custodiale, il fornitore può vedere **tutto** ciò che fai; se utilizzi un portafoglio "leggero" in cui il fornitore conserva la chiave di visualizzazione privata, questi può vedere quasi tutto ciò che fai. Alcuni portafogli non custodiali sono: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. I post pubblici mostrano che la Rete di Controllo dei Crimini Finanziari del Dipartimento del Tesoro degli USA [ha concesso una licenza ](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) per il "Modulo Monero" di CipherTrace, alla fine del 2022. + +La privacy del grafico delle transazioni di Monero è limitata da firme ad anello relativamente piccole, soprattutto contro gli attacchi mirati. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. Sebbene sia improbabile che esistano strumenti di sorveglianza di massa di Monero, come quelli per Bitcoin e altri, è certo che gli strumenti di tracciamento assistano con le indagini mirate. + +Infine, Monero è il contenendente più forte per una criptovaluta rispettosa della privacy, ma le sue affermazioni sulla privacy **non** sono state dimostrate definitivamente, in un modo o nell'altro. Più tempo e ricerca sono necessari per valutare se Monero sia abbastanza resiliente agli attacchi, da fornire sempre una privacy adeguata. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Ciò significa che soltanto tu potrai spendere i tuoi fondi e visualizzare le transazioni in entrata e in uscita. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Client ufficiale Monero ](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supporta più criptovalute. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Per ottenere la massima privacy (anche con un portafoglio non custodiale), dovresti operare il tuo nodo di Monero. Utilizzare il nodo di un'altra persona espone loro alcune informazioni, come l'indirizzo IP da cui ti connetti, le marche orarie di sincronizzazione del tuo portafoglio e le transazioni inviate da esso (ma nessun altro dettaglio su tali transazioni). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. I post pubblici mostrano che la Rete di Controllo dei Crimini Finanziari del Dipartimento del Tesoro degli USA [ha concesso una licenza ](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) per il "Modulo Monero" di CipherTrace, alla fine del 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Utilizzare il nodo di un'altra persona espone loro alcune informazioni, come l'indirizzo IP da cui ti connetti, le marche orarie di sincronizzazione del tuo portafoglio e le transazioni inviate da esso (ma nessun altro dettaglio su tali transazioni). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -La privacy del grafico delle transazioni di Monero è limitata da firme ad anello relativamente piccole, soprattutto contro gli attacchi mirati. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. Sebbene sia improbabile che esistano strumenti di sorveglianza di massa di Monero, come quelli per Bitcoin e altri, è certo che gli strumenti di tracciamento assistano con le indagini mirate. +### Buying Monero -Infine, Monero è il contenendente più forte per una criptovaluta rispettosa della privacy, ma le sue affermazioni sulla privacy **non** sono state dimostrate definitivamente, in un modo o nell'altro. Più tempo e ricerca sono necessari per valutare se Monero sia abbastanza resiliente agli attacchi, da fornire sempre una privacy adeguata. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteri **Ti preghiamo di notare che non siamo affiliati con alcun progetto consigliato.** Oltre ai [nostri criteri standard](about/criteria.md), abbiamo sviluppato una serie chiara di requisiti per consentirci di fornire consigli oggettivi. Ti suggeriamo di familiarizzare con questo elenco prima di scegliere di utilizzare un progetto e di condurre le tue ricerche per assicurarti che si tratti della scelta adatta a te. - Le criptovalute devono fornire transazioni private e non tracciabili di default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/it/financial-services.md b/i18n/it/financial-services.md index 94461859..f6a2b14e 100644 --- a/i18n/it/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/it/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ Questi servizi ti consentono di acquistare carte regalo per numerosi commerciant - Accetta pagamenti in [una criptovaluta consigliata](cryptocurrency.md). - Nessun requisito identificativo. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/it/vpn.md b/i18n/it/vpn.md index ec2448ee..ffa1df88 100644 --- a/i18n/it/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/it/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Richiediamo a tutti i nostri fornitori di VPN consigliati di fornire i file di c - Supporto per protocolli forti come WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch integrato nei client. - Supporto multihop. Il multihopping è importante per mantenere i dati privati nel caso in cui un nodo venisse compromesso. -- Se vengono forniti client VPN, devono essere [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), come il software VPN che generalmente hanno incorporato. Crediamo che la disponibilità del [codice sorgente](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) fornisca maggiore trasparenza su ciò che il dispositivo sta effettivamente facendo. +- Se vengono forniti client VPN, devono essere [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), come il software VPN che generalmente hanno incorporato. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Caso migliore:** diff --git a/i18n/ja/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/ja/advanced/payments.md index 40865e0f..bccf158c 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/ja/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## 現金 -何世紀にもわたり、**現金**はプライベートな支払いの主な形態として機能してきました。 現金にはほとんどの場合において優れたプライバシーの特性があり、ほとんどの国で広く受け入れられ、また、**代替可能**、つまり独自性がなく、完全な交換可能性を備えています。 +何世紀にもわたり、**現金**はプライベートな支払いの主な形態として機能してきました。 Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -現金による支払いに関する法律は国によって異なります。 In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +現金による支払いに関する法律は国によって異なります。 In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -以上の理由はありますが、現金は一般的に最も優れた選択肢です。 +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## プリペイドカード & ギフトカード -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### オンライン・マーケットプレイス -[暗号通貨](../cryptocurrency.md)を持っていれば、オンラインのギフトカード販売所でギフトカードを購入できます。 Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +[暗号通貨](../cryptocurrency.md)を持っていれば、オンラインのギフトカード販売所でギフトカードを購入できます。 Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## 暗号通貨 -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. 信頼できるプロジェクトとのみ慎重に取引してください。 +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. 信頼できるプロジェクトとのみ慎重に取引してください。 Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### その他のコイン（ビットコイン、イーサリアムなど） -大多数の暗号通貨プロジェクトでは公開のブロックチェーンを使用しているため、全ての取引は簡単に追跡でき、かつ永続的です。 そのため、私たちはプライバシーに関する理由から、ほとんどの暗号通貨の使用に対して強く反対します。 +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. そのため、私たちはプライバシーに関する理由から、ほとんどの暗号通貨の使用に対して強く反対します。 -公開ブロックチェーンにおける匿名のトランザクションは *理論的には* 可能であり、ビットコインのウィキには [「完全に匿名な」トランザクションの一例が示されています](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation)。 しかし、そのためには、Torと「ソロマイニング」ブロックを含む複雑な設定によって、完全に独立した暗号通貨を生成することが必要となります。これは、ほとんど全ての熱狂的なユーザーにとっても実用的ではなかった実践です。 +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==最もよい選択肢は、これらの暗号通貨は一切使わず、デフォルトでプライバシーを保証する暗号通貨だけを使うことです。== 他の暗号通貨を使用しようとすることは、本サイトで扱う範囲を超えており、全く推奨されません。 ### ウォレットのカストディー -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### 取得 -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. オンラインで購入する場合は、 [Tor](tor-overview.md)で購入するのが理想的です。 However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. 私書箱や勤務先の住所の利用を検討すべきです。 + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ja/cloud.md b/i18n/ja/cloud.md index 9ba00748..c5e4d689 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/ja/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/ja/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/ja/cryptocurrency.md index b6b19733..8f82d696 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/ja/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Making payments online is one of the biggest challenges to privacy. These crypto With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## 規準 **私たちは、推薦するどのプロジェクトとも提携していません。**客観的に推薦できるよう、[標準となる規準](about/criteria.md)に加えて、一連の明確な要件を定めています。 プロジェクトを利用する前に、このリストをよく理解し、ご自身で調査を行って、そのプロジェクトがあなたにとって適切な選択かどうかをご確認ください。 - プライベートで追跡不可能な取引をデフォルトで提供すること。 + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/ja/financial-services.md b/i18n/ja/financial-services.md index 5778bab1..d231e1f3 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/ja/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - IDは不要。 + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ja/vpn.md b/i18n/ja/vpn.md index ebd8916a..5455276e 100644 --- a/i18n/ja/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/ja/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **満たされることが望ましい基準：** diff --git a/i18n/ko/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/ko/advanced/payments.md index da658811..e47eadcc 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/ko/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -구매 습관은 해당 사용자에 대해 많은 것을 알려주기 때문에 사용자 맞춤 광고를 띄우는 용도로 많이 쓰입니다. 안타깝게도 현재 금융 시스템은 설계상 프라이버시를 보호하기 어렵기 때문에 은행, 정부 또는 타 회사가 거래를 쉽게 추적할 수 있습니다. 다행이도 프라이버시를 유지하면서 결제하는 방식이 다수 존재합니다. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. 안타깝게도 현재 금융 시스템은 설계상 프라이버시를 보호하기 어렵기 때문에 은행, 정부 또는 타 회사가 거래를 쉽게 추적할 수 있습니다. 다행이도 프라이버시를 유지하면서 결제하는 방식이 다수 존재합니다. ## 현금 -**현금**은 수 세기 동안 주된 비공개 결제 수단으로 쓰여 왔습니다. 현금은 수많은 나라들에서 사용할 뿐만 아니라, 대부분의 상황에서 매우 뛰어난 프라이버시를 제공합니다. 또한, 고유하지 않아 똑같이 생긴 물건과 구별할 수 없습니다. +**현금**은 수 세기 동안 주된 비공개 결제 수단으로 쓰여 왔습니다. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -현금 결제 관련 법률은 국가마다 다릅니다. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). 이를 받는 회사는 해당 결제를 진행하는 사람의 이름, 주소, 직업, 생년월일과 주민등록번호나 다른 TIN을 확인할 의무가 있습니다 (일부 예외 사항 제외). 환전 또는 송금과 같은 경우에는 신분증 없이 결제할 수 있는 금액이 $3,000 이하입니다. 또한, 현금에는 일렬번호가 인쇄되어 있습니다. 판매자가 일렬번호를 추적하는 일은 거의 없지만, 법 집행 기관은 수사에서 이를 사용할 수 있습니다. +현금 결제 관련 법률은 국가마다 다릅니다. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). 이를 받는 회사는 해당 결제를 진행하는 사람의 이름, 주소, 직업, 생년월일과 주민등록번호나 다른 TIN을 확인할 의무가 있습니다 (일부 예외 사항 제외). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -그럼에도 불구하고 현금은 일반적으로 가장 좋은 결제 방식입니다. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## 선불 카드와 기프트 카드 -마트나 편의점에서 현금으로 기프트 카드 또는 선불 카드를 손쉽게 구매할 수 있습니다. 기프트 카드는 대부분 수수료가 없지만, 선불 카드는 있는 경우가 많습니다. 따라서 수수료와 만료일을 잘 살펴봐야 합니다. 일부 매장은 사기를 방지하기 위해 결제 시 신분증 제시를 요청할 수 있습니다. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. 기프트 카드는 대부분 수수료가 없지만, 선불 카드는 있는 경우가 많습니다. 따라서 수수료와 만료일을 잘 살펴봐야 합니다. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. 기프트 카드는 일반적으로 카드당 최대 $200이지만, 일부 기프트 카드는 카드당 $2,000까지 제공할 수 있습니다. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. 기프트 카드의 단점으로는 사용할 때 사용처의 정책이 적용된다는 점입니다. 이 정책은 매우 제한적일 수 있습니다. 예시로, 몇 판매자들은 기프트 카드로만 결제하는 것을 허용하지 않거나, 고위험군 사용자라고 판단될 경우 기프트 카드를 임의로 취소할 수 있습니다. 판매자 포인트는 해당 판매자가 강력한 제어권을 지니고 있습니다. -선불 카드는 ATM을 통한 현금 인출이나 Venmo와 같은 유사 P2P 결제 방식에서 사용할 수 없습니다. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -하지만 대부분의 사람들에게 현금 결제는 가장 좋은 대면 결제 방식입니다. 기프트 카드를 사용할 경우 할인을 받을 수 있다는 점에서 유용하게 쓰일 수 있습니다. 선불 카드는 현금 결제를 받지 않는 곳에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 기프트 카드와 선불 카드는 온라인에서 현금보다 더 쉽게 사용할 수 있고, 현금보다 암호화폐로 구매하기가 더 쉽습니다. +하지만 대부분의 사람들에게 현금 결제는 가장 좋은 대면 결제 방식입니다. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. 선불 카드는 현금 결제를 받지 않는 곳에서 사용할 수 있습니다. 기프트 카드와 선불 카드는 온라인에서 현금보다 더 쉽게 사용할 수 있고, 현금보다 암호화폐로 구매하기가 더 쉽습니다. ### 오픈 마켓 -[암호화폐](../cryptocurrency.md)를 소지하고 있을 경우 오픈 마켓에서 기프트 카드를 구매할 수 있습니다. 몇 서비스들은 신분증을 제출하면 한도를 늘려주기도 하지만, 이메일만 사용하여 가입한 계정도 구매할 수 있도록 허용해주기도 합니다. 기본적인 한도는 주로 매일 5,000~10,000 달러 수준이고, 신분증을 제출해서 그 이상을 구매할 수도 있습니다. +[암호화폐](../cryptocurrency.md)를 소지하고 있을 경우 오픈 마켓에서 기프트 카드를 구매할 수 있습니다. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -온라인으로 기프트 카드를 구매할 경우 약간의 할인이 적용되기도 합니다. 반면에 선불 카드들은 충전된 값만큼을 받거나 수수료를 포함하여 그 이상의 값으로 팔리기도 합니다. 선불 카드 또는 기프트 카드를 암호화폐로 구매할 경우, 강력한 프라이버시를 제공하는 모네로를 사용하는 것을 권장합니다. 해당 사항에 대한 내용은 아래에서 더 자세히 알아볼 수 있습니다. 기프트 카드를 추적하기 쉬운 결제 방식으로 구매한다면 현금 또는 모네로로 샀을 때와 달리 프라이버시를 유지하기 어렵습니다. +온라인으로 기프트 카드를 구매할 경우 약간의 할인이 적용되기도 합니다. 반면에 선불 카드들은 충전된 값만큼을 받거나 수수료를 포함하여 그 이상의 값으로 팔리기도 합니다. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). 기프트 카드를 추적하기 쉬운 결제 방식으로 구매한다면 현금 또는 모네로로 샀을 때와 달리 프라이버시를 유지하기 어렵습니다. - [온라인 기프트 카드 오픈 마켓 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## 암호화폐 -암호화폐는 정부 혹은 은행 등의 중앙 기관 없이도 작동하도록 설계된 디지털 화폐입니다. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +암호화폐는 정부 혹은 은행 등의 중앙 기관 없이도 작동하도록 설계된 디지털 화폐입니다. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions car - [권장하는 암호화폐 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -프라이버시 코인들은 정부 기관들로부터 감시를 받고 있습니다. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. 결론적으로 IRS는 Chainanalysis와 Integra Fec [이 두 회사에게 총합 125만 달러의 현상금을 지급했습니다](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view). 이 도구들이 어떤 네트워크를 대상으로 만들어졌는지는 공개되지 않았습니다. 기밀 유지로 인해 ==이 암호화폐 추적 방법들이 실제로 작동하는지는 독립적으로 확인된 바는 없습니다.== 하지만, 표적 조사를 돕는 암호화폐 추적 도구는 존재할 확률이 높으며, 이런 암호화폐는 대규모 감시만 피할 수 있을 것입니다. +프라이버시 코인들은 정부 기관들로부터 감시를 받고 있습니다. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### 기타 코인 (비트코인, 이더리움 등) -대부분의 암호화폐 프로젝트는 공개된 블록체인을 사용합니다. 즉, 누구든지 거래 기록을 볼 수 있고 블록체인에 영구적으로 저장됩니다. 따라서 프라이버시 관련 이유로 대부분의 암호화폐 사용을 권장하지 않습니다. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. 따라서 프라이버시 관련 이유로 대부분의 암호화폐 사용을 권장하지 않습니다. -공개 블록체인을 통한 익명 거래는 *이론적으로* 가능하고, 비트코인 위키에서 ["완전 익명"인 거래의 예시를 볼 수 있습니다](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). 하지만 이 방식은 Tor 사용과 블록을 "단독 채굴"하는 것을 요구하며, 이는 누구에게나 실용적이지 않습니다. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==따라서 최선의 선택지는 이런 암호화폐를 사용하지 않고 기본적으로 프라이버시를 제공하는 암호화폐를 사용하는 것입니다.== 타 암호화폐의 사용은 주제 범위에서 벗어나고, 권장하지도 않습니다. ### 지갑 유형 -암호화폐 지갑은 수탁형 지갑(Custodial Wallet)과 비수탁형 지갑(Non-Custodial Wallet) 두 종류가 존재합니다. 수탁형 지갑은 업체/거래소에서 중앙 집중식으로 운영하는 방식입니다. 여러분의 지갑의 개인 키는 해당 업체에서 보관하고, (일반적으로) 여러분은 사용자명과 비밀번호만 입력하면 어디서든 접근할 수 있습니다. 비수탁형 지갑은 여러분이 직접 개인 키를 관리하고, 개인 키를 통해 접근하는 방식입니다. 자신이 지갑의 개인 키를 안전하게 보관하고 백업한다는 가정하에, 수탁형 지갑보다 비수탁형 지갑이 보안, 검열 방지 면에서 뛰어납니다. 개인 키를 업체에서 보관할 경우 여러분의 암호화폐가 업체 측에서 도난당하거나 동결될 수 있기 때문입니다. 특히나 프라이버시 코인에서는 비수탁형 지갑을 사용해야 합니다. 수탁형 지갑을 사용할 경우 운영 업체가 사용자의 거래를 볼 수 있게 되므로, 프라이버시 코인의 이점이 사라지기 때문입니다. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. 수탁형 지갑은 업체/거래소에서 중앙 집중식으로 운영하는 방식입니다. 여러분의 지갑의 개인 키는 해당 업체에서 보관하고, (일반적으로) 여러분은 사용자명과 비밀번호만 입력하면 어디서든 접근할 수 있습니다. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. 특히나 프라이버시 코인에서는 비수탁형 지갑을 사용해야 합니다. 수탁형 지갑을 사용할 경우 운영 업체가 사용자의 거래를 볼 수 있게 되므로, 프라이버시 코인의 이점이 사라지기 때문입니다. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. CCTV는 어디에나 존재합니다. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. 온라인에서 결제할 때 [Tor](tor-overview.md)를 사용하는 것이 제일 이상적입니다. 하지만 대부분 판매자들은 Tor를 통해서 구매하는 것을 허용하지 않습니다. 현금, 기프트 카드 또는 모네로로 [권장하는 VPN](../vpn.md)을 구매 후 사용하거나 카페 또는 도서관의 무료 Wi-Fi를 통해서 결제할 수 있습니다. 만약 실물 상품을 주문해야 한다면, 배송 주소를 입력해야 합니다. 이럴 경우에는 우체국 또는 개인 사서함, 아니면 회사 주소를 이용할 수 있습니다. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ko/cloud.md b/i18n/ko/cloud.md index 1160f0da..198f34f1 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/ko/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/ko/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/ko/cryptocurrency.md index b8ead75a..e7f22790 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/ko/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ cover: cryptocurrency.webp Monero를 사용할 경우, Monero를 거래하는 주소, 거래 금액, 주소 잔액, 거래 내역을 외부 관찰자가 해독할 수 없습니다. -최적의 프라이버시를 챙기고자 할 경우, View Key를 기기에서 관리하는 방식인 비수탁형 지갑(Non-Custodial Wallet)을 사용해야 합니다. 비수탁형 지갑은 사용자 본인 외에는 자금 지출은 물론이고, 들어오고 나가는 트랜잭션을 볼 수 없습니다. 만약 수탁형 지갑(Custodial Wallet)을 사용할 경우, 여러분이 하는 **모든 행동**을 제공 업체가 볼 수 있습니다. 경량 지갑(Lightweight Wallet)을 사용할 경우에는 제공 업체가 여러분의 View 개인 키를 보관하며, 여러분이 하는 행동을 거의 전부 볼 수 있습니다. 비수탁형 지갑으로는 이러한 것들이 있습니다: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. 공개 포스트에 따르면, 미국 재무부의 금융 범죄 단속 네트워크(Financial Crimes Enforcement Network)는 2022년 말 CipherTrace의 'Monero 모듈'에 라이선스 자격을 [부여했습니다](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view). + +Monero 트랜잭션 그래프는 프라이버시 면에서 제한적입니다. 상대적으로 작은 링 서명(Ring Signature)으로 인해, 표적 공격에 취약합니다. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. 비트코인이나 다른 암호화폐처럼 대규모 감시 도구가 Monero에도 존재할 가능성은 낮지만, 추적 툴이 표적 수사에 효과가 있을 것은 확실합니다. + +종합적으로, Monero는 가장 뛰어난 프라이버시 친화 암호화폐라고 충분히 말할 수 있지만, 프라이버시 주장은 (좋은 쪽으로든 나쁜 쪽으로든) 확실하게 입증된 바 **없습니다**. Monero가 항상 적절한 프라이버시를 보장할 수 있을 만큼 공격에 대한 복원력이 충분한지를 평가하기 위해서는 더 많은 시간과 연구가 필요합니다. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. 비수탁형 지갑은 사용자 본인 외에는 자금 지출은 물론이고, 들어오고 나가는 트랜잭션을 볼 수 없습니다. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [공식 Monero 클라이언트](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (데스크톱) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet은 여러 암호화폐를 지원합니다. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -(비수탁형 지갑을 사용하더라도) 프라이버시를 극대화하려면 자체 Monero 노드를 운용해야 합니다. 다른 사람의 노드를 사용할 경우 해당 노드에 연결할 때 사용한 IP 주소, 지갑을 동기화한 시각, 지갑에서 전송된 트랜잭션(해당 트랜잭션에 대한 자세한 정보는 알 수 없음) 등 일부 정보가 해당 노드에 노출됩니다. Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. 공개 포스트에 따르면, 미국 재무부의 금융 범죄 단속 네트워크(Financial Crimes Enforcement Network)는 2022년 말 CipherTrace의 'Monero 모듈'에 라이선스 자격을 [부여했습니다](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view). +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). 다른 사람의 노드를 사용할 경우 해당 노드에 연결할 때 사용한 IP 주소, 지갑을 동기화한 시각, 지갑에서 전송된 트랜잭션(해당 트랜잭션에 대한 자세한 정보는 알 수 없음) 등 일부 정보가 해당 노드에 노출됩니다. Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero 트랜잭션 그래프는 프라이버시 면에서 제한적입니다. 상대적으로 작은 링 서명(Ring Signature)으로 인해, 표적 공격에 취약합니다. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. 비트코인이나 다른 암호화폐처럼 대규모 감시 도구가 Monero에도 존재할 가능성은 낮지만, 추적 툴이 표적 수사에 효과가 있을 것은 확실합니다. +### Buying Monero -종합적으로, Monero는 가장 뛰어난 프라이버시 친화 암호화폐라고 충분히 말할 수 있지만, 프라이버시 주장은 (좋은 쪽으로든 나쁜 쪽으로든) 확실하게 입증된 바 **없습니다**. Monero가 항상 적절한 프라이버시를 보장할 수 있을 만큼 공격에 대한 복원력이 충분한지를 평가하기 위해서는 더 많은 시간과 연구가 필요합니다. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## 평가 기준 **Privacy Guides는 권장 목록의 어떠한 프로젝트와도 제휴를 맺지 않았습니다.** 객관적인 권장 목록을 제공하기 위해, [일반적인 평가 기준](about/criteria.md)에 더해 명확한 요구 사항을 정립하였습니다. 어떠한 프로젝트를 선택해 사용하기 전에, 이러한 요구 사항들을 숙지하고 여러분 스스로 조사하는 과정을 거쳐 적절한 선택을 하시기 바랍니다. - 암호화페는 기본적으로 비공개/추적 불가능한 트랜잭션을 제공해야 합니다. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/ko/financial-services.md b/i18n/ko/financial-services.md index 03bc291a..e03cc9fa 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/ko/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - [권장 암호화폐](cryptocurrency.md)로 결제할 수 있어야 합니다. - ID가 필수적이지 않아야 합니다. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ko/vpn.md b/i18n/ko/vpn.md index 2cad4140..6933dde2 100644 --- a/i18n/ko/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/ko/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - WireGuard와 OpenVPN과 같은 강력한 프로토콜을 지원 - 클라이언트에 킬스위치 (Killswitch)기능이 내장되어 있음 - 멀티홉을 지원함 멀티홉은 한 노드가 공격당할 경우 데이터를 지키는데에 중요하게 사용됩니다. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **우대 사항:** diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/cloud.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/financial-services.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ku-IQ/vpn.md b/i18n/ku-IQ/vpn.md index 4b67fb10..5daadc55 100644 --- a/i18n/ku-IQ/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/ku-IQ/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/nl/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/nl/advanced/payments.md index 5180c5b9..31df1c27 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/nl/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -Er is een reden waarom gegevens over jouw koopgedrag word beschouwd als de heilige graal van gerichte advertenties: jouw aankopen kunnen een ware schat aan gegevens over je lekken. Helaas is het huidige financiële systeem anti-privacy by design, waardoor banken, andere bedrijven en overheden transacties gemakkelijk kunnen traceren. Toch heb je tal van opties als het gaat om het maken van betalingen privé. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Helaas is het huidige financiële systeem anti-privacy by design, waardoor banken, andere bedrijven en overheden transacties gemakkelijk kunnen traceren. Toch heb je tal van opties als het gaat om het maken van betalingen privé. ## Contant -Eeuwenlang was **contant geld** de belangrijkste vorm van particuliere betaling. Cash heeft in de meeste gevallen uitstekende privacy-eigenschappen, wordt in de meeste landen algemeen geaccepteerd en is **vervangbaar**, wat betekent dat het niet uniek en volledig verwisselbaar is. +Eeuwenlang was **contant geld** de belangrijkste vorm van particuliere betaling. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -De wetgeving inzake contante betaling verschilt per land. In de Verenigde Staten is speciale openbaarmaking vereist voor contante betalingen van meer dan $10.000 aan de IRS op [formulier 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). Het ontvangende bedrijf moet de naam, het adres, het beroep, de geboortedatum en het burgerservicenummer of een ander TIN van de begunstigde verifiëren (met enkele uitzonderingen). Lagere limieten zonder ID zoals $ 3.000 of minder bestaan voor uitwisselingen en geldoverdracht. Contant geld bevat ook serienummers. Deze worden bijna nooit door handelaren getraceerd, maar kunnen door rechtshandhavingsinstanties worden gebruikt bij gerichte onderzoeken. +De wetgeving inzake contante betaling verschilt per land. In de Verenigde Staten is speciale openbaarmaking vereist voor contante betalingen van meer dan $10.000 aan de IRS op [formulier 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). Het ontvangende bedrijf moet de naam, het adres, het beroep, de geboortedatum en het burgerservicenummer of een ander TIN van de begunstigde verifiëren (met enkele uitzonderingen). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Toch is het meestal de beste optie. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaidkaarten & Cadeaubonnen -Het is relatief eenvoudig om cadeaubonnen en prepaidkaarten te kopen bij de meeste supermarkten en gemakswinkels met contant geld. Cadeaukaarten hebben meestal geen geen kosten, maar prepaidkaarten vaak wel, dus let goed op deze kosten en vervaldata. Sommige winkels kunnen vragen om je legitimatiebewijs te zien bij het afrekenen om fraude te verminderen. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Cadeaukaarten hebben meestal geen geen kosten, maar prepaidkaarten vaak wel, dus let goed op deze kosten en vervaldata. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Cadeaubonnen hebben meestal limieten tot $ 200 per kaart, maar sommige bieden limieten tot $ 2.000 per kaart. Prepaidkaarten (bijv. van Visa of Mastercard) hebben meestal limieten tot $ 1.000 per kaart. Cadeaubonnen hebben het nadeel dat ze onderworpen zijn aan het winkelbeleid, dat vreselijke voorwaarden en beperkingen kan hebben. Sommige verkopers accepteren bijvoorbeeld niet uitsluitend betaling met cadeaubonnen, of ze kunnen de waarde van de kaart annuleren als ze je als een gebruiker met een hoog risico beschouwen. Zodra je een cadeaubon hebt, heeft de winkel een sterke mate van controle over dit krediet. -Prepaidkaarten staan geen geldopnames van geldautomaten of "peer-to-peer" -betalingen in Venmo en soortgelijke apps toe. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash blijft de beste optie voor persoonlijke aankopen voor de meeste mensen. Cadeaubonnen kunnen nuttig zijn voor de besparingen die ze opleveren. Prepaidkaarten kunnen handig zijn voor plaatsen die geen contant geld accepteren. Cadeaubonnen en prepaidkaarten zijn gemakkelijker online te gebruiken dan contant geld en ze zijn gemakkelijker te verkrijgen met cryptocurrencies dan contant geld. +Cash blijft de beste optie voor persoonlijke aankopen voor de meeste mensen. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaidkaarten kunnen handig zijn voor plaatsen die geen contant geld accepteren. Cadeaubonnen en prepaidkaarten zijn gemakkelijker online te gebruiken dan contant geld en ze zijn gemakkelijker te verkrijgen met cryptocurrencies dan contant geld. ### Online marktplaatsen -Als je [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md) hebt, kun je cadeaubonnen kopen bij een online cadeaubon marktplaats. Sommige van deze services bieden opties voor ID-verificatie voor hogere limieten, maar ze staan ook accounts toe met alleen een e-mailadres. Basislimieten beginnen bij $ 5.000-10.000 per dag voor basisaccounts en aanzienlijk hogere limieten voor ID geverifieerde accounts (indien aangeboden). +Als je [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md) hebt, kun je cadeaubonnen kopen bij een online cadeaubon marktplaats. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Bij het online kopen van cadeaukaarten is er meestal een kleine korting. Prepaidkaarten worden meestal online verkocht tegen nominale waarde of tegen een vergoeding. Als je prepaidkaarten en cadeaubonnen met cryptocurrencies koopt, moet je sterk de voorkeur geven aan betalen met Monero, wat een sterke privacy biedt, meer hierover hieronder. Het betalen voor een cadeaukaart met een traceerbare betaalmethode doet de voordelen teniet die een cadeaukaart kan bieden wanneer deze met contant geld of Monero wordt gekocht. +Bij het online kopen van cadeaukaarten is er meestal een kleine korting. Prepaidkaarten worden meestal online verkocht tegen nominale waarde of tegen een vergoeding. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Het betalen voor een cadeaukaart met een traceerbare betaalmethode doet de voordelen teniet die een cadeaukaart kan bieden wanneer deze met contant geld of Monero wordt gekocht. - [Online marktplaatsen voor cadeaubonnen :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Dit zijn meestal goede opties voor online terugkerende betalingen/abonnementen, ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies zijn een digitale vorm van valuta die is ontworpen om te werken zonder centrale autoriteiten zoals een overheid of bank. Hoewel *sommige* cryptocurrency-projecten je in staat stellen online privétransacties te verrichten, gebruiken vele een openbare blockchain die geen enkele transactieprivacy biedt. Cryptovaluta's zijn ook zeer volatiele assets, wat betekent dat hun waarde op elk moment snel en aanzienlijk kan veranderen. Als zodanig raden we over het algemeen niet aan om cryptocurrency te gebruiken als een lange termijn opslag van waarde. Als je besluit cryptocurrency online te gebruiken, zorg er dan voor dat je vooraf volledig op de hoogte bent van de privacy-aspecten ervan, en investeer alleen bedragen die niet rampzalig zijn om te verliezen. +Cryptocurrencies zijn een digitale vorm van valuta die is ontworpen om te werken zonder centrale autoriteiten zoals een overheid of bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Als zodanig raden we over het algemeen niet aan om cryptocurrency te gebruiken als een lange termijn opslag van waarde. Als je besluit cryptocurrency online te gebruiken, zorg er dan voor dat je vooraf volledig op de hoogte bent van de privacy-aspecten ervan, en investeer alleen bedragen die niet rampzalig zijn om te verliezen.

Let op

-De overgrote meerderheid van de cryptocurrencies werkt op een **publieke** blockchain, wat betekent dat elke transactie publiekelijk bekend is. Dit omvat zelfs de meeste bekende cryptocurrencies zoals Bitcoin en Ethereum. Transacties met deze cryptocurrencies mogen niet als privé worden beschouwd en zullen jouw anonimiteit niet beschermen. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transacties met deze cryptocurrencies mogen niet als privé worden beschouwd en zullen jouw anonimiteit niet beschermen. -Daarnaast zijn veel of misschien niet de meeste cryptovaluta's oplichters. Voer transacties zorgvuldig uit met alleen projecten die je vertrouwt. +Daarnaast zijn veel of misschien niet de meeste cryptovaluta's oplichters. Voer transacties zorgvuldig uit met alleen projecten die je vertrouwt. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Er zijn een aantal cryptocurrency-projecten die beweren privacy te bieden door t - [Aanbevolen cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacymunten worden steeds kritischer bekeken door overheidsinstanties. In 2020 [publiceerde de IRS een beloning van $625.000](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) voor tools die de transactieprivacy van Bitcoin Lightning Network en/of Monero kunnen doorbreken. Ze hebben uiteindelijk [twee bedrijven](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis en Integra Fec) samen 1,25 miljoen dollar betaald voor tools die dit pretenderen te doen (het is onbekend op welk cryptocurrency netwerk deze tools zich richten). Vanwege de geheimhouding rond tools zoals deze, is geen van deze methoden voor het traceren van cryptocurrencies onafhankelijk bevestigd.== Het is vrij waarschijnlijk dat er instrumenten bestaan die gericht onderzoek naar particuliere munttransacties ondersteunen, en dat privacymunten er alleen in slagen massasurveillance te dwarsbomen. +Privacymunten worden steeds kritischer bekeken door overheidsinstanties. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Andere munten (Bitcoin, Ethereum, enz.) -De overgrote meerderheid van cryptocurrency-projecten maakt gebruik van een openbare blockchain, wat betekent dat alle transacties zowel gemakkelijk traceerbaar als permanent zijn. Als zodanig raden we het gebruik van de meeste cryptocurrency om privacygerelateerde redenen ten zeerste af. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. Als zodanig raden we het gebruik van de meeste cryptocurrency om privacygerelateerde redenen ten zeerste af. -Anonieme transacties op een openbare blockchain zijn *theoretisch* mogelijk en de Bitcoin wiki [geeft een voorbeeld van een "volledig anonieme" transactie](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). Hiervoor is echter een ingewikkelde configuratie nodig waarbij Tor en "solo-mining" een blok nodig is om volledig onafhankelijke cryptovaluta te genereren een praktijk die al jaren voor bijna geen enkele enthousiasteling praktisch is. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Jouw beste optie is om deze cryptocurrencies volledig te vermijden en vast te houden aan een die standaard privacy biedt.== Pogingen om andere cryptocurrency te gebruiken vallen buiten het bereik van deze site en worden sterk afgeraden. ### Wallet Bewaring -Bij cryptocurrency zijn er twee vormen van wallets: custodial wallets en noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets worden beheerd door gecentraliseerde bedrijven/beurzen, waar de privésleutel voor jouw wallet in handen is van dat bedrijf, en je kunt er overal bij met een gewone gebruikersnaam en wachtwoord. Niet-custodiale portemonnees zijn portemonnees waarbij jij de privé-sleutels om toegang te krijgen controleert en beheert. Ervan uitgaande dat je de privésleutels van jouw portemonnee veilig bewaart en er een back-up van maakt, bieden niet-custodial wallets meer veiligheid en weerstand tegen censuur dan custodial wallets, omdat jouw cryptocurrency niet kan worden gestolen of bevroren door een bedrijf dat jouw privésleutels bewaart. Sleutelbewaring is vooral belangrijk als het gaat om privacy-munten: Custodial wallets geven de exploitatiemaatschappij de mogelijkheid om jouw transacties te bekijken, waardoor de privacyvoordelen van die cryptocurrencies teniet worden gedaan. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets worden beheerd door gecentraliseerde bedrijven/beurzen, waar de privésleutel voor jouw wallet in handen is van dat bedrijf, en je kunt er overal bij met een gewone gebruikersnaam en wachtwoord. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Sleutelbewaring is vooral belangrijk als het gaat om privacy-munten: Custodial wallets geven de exploitatiemaatschappij de mogelijkheid om jouw transacties te bekijken, waardoor de privacyvoordelen van die cryptocurrencies teniet worden gedaan. ### Aankoop -Het particulier verwerven van [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) zoals Monero kan moeilijk zijn. P2P-marktplaatsen, platformen die handel tussen mensen mogelijk maken, zijn een optie die kan worden gebruikt. Als het gebruik van een exchange die KYC vereist een acceptabel risico voor je is zolang latere transacties niet kunnen worden getraceerd, is een veel eenvoudigere optie om Monero te kopen op een exchange zoals [Kraken](https://kraken.com), of Bitcoin/Litecoin te kopen van een KYC exchange die vervolgens kan worden omgewisseld voor Monero. Vervolgens kun je de aangekochte Monero opnemen in jouw eigen, niet-vrijwillige portemonnee om vanaf dat moment privé te gebruiken. +Het particulier verwerven van [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) zoals Monero kan moeilijk zijn. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Als je voor deze route kiest, zorg er dan voor dat je Monero koopt op andere tijdstippen en in andere hoeveelheden dan waar je het zult uitgeven. Als je $5000 aan Monero koopt op een beurs en een uur later een aankoop van $5000 in Monero doet, kunnen die acties mogelijk gecorreleerd worden door een buitenstaander, ongeacht welke weg de Monero aflegde. Door aankopen te spreiden en vooraf grotere hoeveelheden Monero te kopen om later uit te geven aan meerdere kleinere transacties, kan deze valkuil worden vermeden. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ Als je voor deze route kiest, zorg er dan voor dat je Monero koopt op andere tij Zorg ervoor dat je privacy in gedachten houdt wanneer je een betaling in persoon doet met contanten. Beveiligingscamera 's zijn alomtegenwoordig. Overweeg het dragen van onopvallende kleding en een gezichtsmasker (zoals een chirurgisch masker of N95). Meld je niet aan voor beloningsprogramma's en geef geen andere informatie over jezelf. Bij online aankopem, gebruik dan bij voorkeur [Tor](tor-overview.md). Veel handelaren staan echter geen aankopen bij Tor toe. U kunt overwegen een [aanbevolen VPN](../vpn.md) te gebruiken (betaald met contant geld, cadeaubond, of Monero), of het doen in een koffiewinkel of bibliotheek met gratis wifi. Als je een fysiek voorwerp bestelt dat geleverd moet worden, moet je een afleveradres opgeven. Overweeg een postvak, privépostvak of werkadres te gebruiken. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/nl/cloud.md b/i18n/nl/cloud.md index 58e930fe..ef3e655f 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/nl/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/nl/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/nl/cryptocurrency.md index 312bc9f5..0d623162 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/nl/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Veel zo niet de meeste cryptocurrency projecten zijn zwendel. Voer transacties z Met Monero kunnen externe waarnemers geen adressen ontcijferen die handelen in Monero, transactiebedragen, adresbalansen of transactiegeschiedenissen. -Voor optimale privacy, zorg ervoor dat je een noncustodial wallet gebruikt waar de view key op het apparaat blijft. Dit betekent dat alleen jij je geld kunt uitgeven en de inkomende en uitgaande transacties kunt zien. Als je een custodial wallet gebruikt, kan de provider **alles zien wat** je doet; als je een "lichtgewicht" wallet gebruikt waarbij de provider jouw privé view key bewaard, kan de provider bijna alles zien wat u doet. Sommige niet-custodiale wallets omvatten: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Uit openbare berichten blijkt dat het Financial Crimes Enforcement Network van het Amerikaanse ministerie van Financiën [eind 2022 een licentie heeft verleend aan](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module". + +De privacy van de Monero-transactiegrafiek wordt beperkt door de relatief kleine ringhandtekeningen, vooral tegen gerichte aanvallen. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. Hoewel het onwaarschijnlijk is dat er voor Monero massa surveillance instrumenten bestaan zoals voor Bitcoin en andere, is het zeker dat opsporingstools helpen bij gerichte onderzoeken. + +Uiteindelijk is Monero de sterkste mededinger voor een privacyvriendelijke cryptocurrency, maar zijn privacyclaims zijn **niet** definitief bewezen. Er is meer tijd en onderzoek nodig om te beoordelen of Monero weerbaar genoeg is tegen aanvallen om altijd voldoende privacy te bieden. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Dit betekent dat alleen jij je geld kunt uitgeven en de inkomende en uitgaande transacties kunt zien. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Officiële Monero-client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet ondersteunt meerdere cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Voor maximale privacy (zelfs met een niet-custodiale wallet) moet je jouw eigen Monero-knooppunt beheren. Als je een knooppunt van een ander gebruikt, krijgt hij enige informatie, zoals het IP-adres van waaruit je verbinding maakt, de tijdstempels waarmee je jouw portemonnee synchroniseert, en de transacties die je vanuit jouw portemonnee verstuurt (maar geen andere details over die transacties). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Uit openbare berichten blijkt dat het Financial Crimes Enforcement Network van het Amerikaanse ministerie van Financiën [eind 2022 een licentie heeft verleend aan](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module". +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Als je een knooppunt van een ander gebruikt, krijgt hij enige informatie, zoals het IP-adres van waaruit je verbinding maakt, de tijdstempels waarmee je jouw portemonnee synchroniseert, en de transacties die je vanuit jouw portemonnee verstuurt (maar geen andere details over die transacties). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -De privacy van de Monero-transactiegrafiek wordt beperkt door de relatief kleine ringhandtekeningen, vooral tegen gerichte aanvallen. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. Hoewel het onwaarschijnlijk is dat er voor Monero massa surveillance instrumenten bestaan zoals voor Bitcoin en andere, is het zeker dat opsporingstools helpen bij gerichte onderzoeken. +### Buying Monero -Uiteindelijk is Monero de sterkste mededinger voor een privacyvriendelijke cryptocurrency, maar zijn privacyclaims zijn **niet** definitief bewezen. Er is meer tijd en onderzoek nodig om te beoordelen of Monero weerbaar genoeg is tegen aanvallen om altijd voldoende privacy te bieden. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Wij zijn niet verbonden aan de projecten die wij aanbevelen.** Naast [onze standaardcriteria](about/criteria.md)hebben wij een duidelijke reeks eisen ontwikkeld om objectieve aanbevelingen te kunnen doen. Wij stellen voor dat je jezelf vertrouwd maakt met deze lijst voordat je een project kiest, en jouw eigen onderzoek uitvoert om er zeker van te zijn dat je de juiste keuze maakt. - Cryptocurrency moet standaard private/ontraceerbare transacties bieden. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/nl/financial-services.md b/i18n/nl/financial-services.md index ac497555..8bf9f76e 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/nl/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ Met deze diensten kunt je online cadeaubonnen kopen voor verschillende handelare - Accepteert betaling in [een aanbevolen cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - Geen identificatieplicht. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/nl/vpn.md b/i18n/nl/vpn.md index be87ef48..eff20b70 100644 --- a/i18n/nl/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/nl/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Wij eisen dat al onze aanbevolen VPN-providers OpenVPN-configuratiebestanden lev - Ondersteuning voor sterke protocollen zoals WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch ingebouwd in clients. - Multihop ondersteuning. Multihopping is belangrijk om gegevens privé te houden in het geval van een compromittering door één knooppunt. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. Wij zijn van mening dat de beschikbaarheid van [broncode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) meer transparantie biedt over wat uw apparaat feitelijk doet. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Beste geval:** diff --git a/i18n/pl/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/pl/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/pl/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/pl/cloud.md b/i18n/pl/cloud.md index 21677604..86559af6 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/pl/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/pl/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/pl/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/pl/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/pl/financial-services.md b/i18n/pl/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/pl/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/pl/vpn.md b/i18n/pl/vpn.md index 0be7e147..2753864e 100644 --- a/i18n/pl/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/pl/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/payments.md index d0e405f1..e8d2b118 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -Há um motivo pelo qual os dados sobre seus hábitos de compra são considerados o Santo Graal da segmentação de anúncios: suas compras podem vazar um verdadeiro tesouro de dados sobre você. Infelizmente, o sistema financeiro atual é anti-privacidade por natureza, permitindo que bancos, outras empresas e governos rastreiem facilmente as transações. Contudo, você tem muitas opções quando se trata de fazer pagamentos de forma privada. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Infelizmente, o sistema financeiro atual é anti-privacidade por natureza, permitindo que bancos, outras empresas e governos rastreiem facilmente as transações. Contudo, você tem muitas opções quando se trata de fazer pagamentos de forma privada. ## Dinheiro -Por séculos, **dinheiro** tem funcionado como a forma primária de pagamento privado. O dinheiro tem excelentes propriedades de privacidade na maioria dos casos, é amplamente aceito na maioria dos países, e é **fungível**, o que significa que não é único e é completamente intercambiável. +Por séculos, **dinheiro** tem funcionado como a forma primária de pagamento privado. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -As leis de pagamento em dinheiro variam por país. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). A empresa recebedora é obrigada a verificar o nome, o endereço, a ocupação, a data de nascimento e o número do seguro social ou outro TIN do beneficiário (com algumas exceções). Existem limites mais baixos sem identificação, tais como $3.000 ou menos, para trocas e transferência de dinheiro. Dinheiro também contém números de série. Eles quase nunca são rastreados pelos comerciantes, mas podem ser usados pelas autoridades policiais em investigações direcionadas. +As leis de pagamento em dinheiro variam por país. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). A empresa recebedora é obrigada a verificar o nome, o endereço, a ocupação, a data de nascimento e o número do seguro social ou outro TIN do beneficiário (com algumas exceções). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Apesar disso, normalmente é a melhor opção. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Cartões Pré-pagos & Cartões-Presente -É relativamente simples comprar cartões-presente e cartões pré-pagos na maioria dos supermercados e lojas de conveniência com dinheiro. Os cartões-presente normalmente não têm taxas, embora os cartões pré-pagos geralmente tenham, portanto, preste muita atenção a essas taxas e datas de validade. Algumas lojas podem pedir para ver seu documento de identidade no caixa para reduzir fraudes. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Os cartões-presente normalmente não têm taxas, embora os cartões pré-pagos geralmente tenham, portanto, preste muita atenção a essas taxas e datas de validade. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Os cartões-presente geralmente têm limites de até $200 por cartão, mas alguns oferecem limites de até $2.000 por cartão. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Os cartões-presente têm a desvantagem de estarem sujeitos às políticas do comerciante, que podem ter termos e restrições terríveis. Por exemplo, alguns comerciantes não aceitam pagamento exclusivamente em cartões-presente ou podem cancelar o valor do cartão se considerarem que você é um usuário de alto risco. Quando você tem crédito comercial, o comerciante tem um alto grau de controle sobre esse crédito. -Cartões pré-pagos não permitem saques em dinheiro em caixas eletrônicos ou pagamentos "peer-to-peer" no Venmo e em aplicativos semelhantes. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Dinheiro continua sendo a melhor opção para compras presenciais para a maioria das pessoas. Os cartões-presente podem ser úteis pela economia que proporcionam. Cartões pré-pagos podem ser úteis em locais que não aceitam dinheiro. Cartões-presente e cartões pré-pagos são mais fáceis de usar on-line do que o dinheiro, e são mais fáceis de adquirir com criptomoedas do que com dinheiro. +Dinheiro continua sendo a melhor opção para compras presenciais para a maioria das pessoas. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Cartões pré-pagos podem ser úteis em locais que não aceitam dinheiro. Cartões-presente e cartões pré-pagos são mais fáceis de usar on-line do que o dinheiro, e são mais fáceis de adquirir com criptomoedas do que com dinheiro. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Criptomoedas -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/cloud.md b/i18n/pt-BR/cloud.md index abd44929..27add8ec 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/pt-BR/cryptocurrency.md index 0fdd4e14..5b6efe67 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully Com o Monero, observadores externos não podem decifrar endereços que negociam Monero, valores de transações, saldos de endereços ou históricos de transações. -Para otimizar a privacidade, certifique-se de usar uma carteira sem custódia em que a chave de visualização permaneça no dispositivo. Isso significa que somente você poderá gastar seus fundos e ver as transações de entrada e saída. Se você usar uma carteira de custódia, o provedor poderá ver **tudo o que** você faz; se você usar uma carteira "leve", em que o provedor retém sua chave de visualização privada, o provedor poderá ver quase tudo o que você faz. Algumas carteiras sem custódia incluem: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Postagens públicas mostram que o Departamento da Rede de Execução de Crimes Financeiros do Tesouro dos EUA [licenciou](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) Módulo "Monero Trace" da CipherTrace no final de 2022. + +A privacidade do gráfico de transações do Monero é limitada por suas assinaturas de anel relativamente pequenas, especialmente contra ataques direcionados. Os recursos de privacidade do Monero também foram [questionados](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) por alguns pesquisadores de segurança, e várias vulnerabilidades graves foram encontradas e corrigidas no passado, de modo que as alegações feitas por organizações como a CipherTrace não estão fora de questão. Embora seja improvável que existam ferramentas de vigilância em massa do Monero como existem para o Bitcoin e outros, é certo que as ferramentas de rastreamento ajudam nas investigações direcionadas. + +Em última análise, o Monero é o mais forte candidato a uma criptomoeda favorável à privacidade, mas suas alegações de privacidade **não** foram definitivamente comprovadas de uma forma ou de outra. É necessário mais tempo e pesquisa para avaliar se o Monero é suficientemente resistente a ataques para sempre proporcionar a privacidade adequada. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Isso significa que somente você poderá gastar seus fundos e ver as transações de entrada e saída. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Cliente oficial do Monero](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Carteira Feather](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Para obter o máximo de privacidade (mesmo com uma carteira sem custódia), você deve executar seu próprio nó Monero. O uso do nó de outra pessoa exporá algumas informações a ela, como o endereço IP a partir do qual você se conecta a ele, os carimbos de data e hora em que você sincroniza sua carteira e as transações que você envia de sua carteira (embora não haja outros detalhes sobre essas transações). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Postagens públicas mostram que o Departamento da Rede de Execução de Crimes Financeiros do Tesouro dos EUA [licenciou](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) Módulo "Monero Trace" da CipherTrace no final de 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). O uso do nó de outra pessoa exporá algumas informações a ela, como o endereço IP a partir do qual você se conecta a ele, os carimbos de data e hora em que você sincroniza sua carteira e as transações que você envia de sua carteira (embora não haja outros detalhes sobre essas transações). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -A privacidade do gráfico de transações do Monero é limitada por suas assinaturas de anel relativamente pequenas, especialmente contra ataques direcionados. Os recursos de privacidade do Monero também foram [questionados](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) por alguns pesquisadores de segurança, e várias vulnerabilidades graves foram encontradas e corrigidas no passado, de modo que as alegações feitas por organizações como a CipherTrace não estão fora de questão. Embora seja improvável que existam ferramentas de vigilância em massa do Monero como existem para o Bitcoin e outros, é certo que as ferramentas de rastreamento ajudam nas investigações direcionadas. +### Buying Monero -Em última análise, o Monero é o mais forte candidato a uma criptomoeda favorável à privacidade, mas suas alegações de privacidade **não** foram definitivamente comprovadas de uma forma ou de outra. É necessário mais tempo e pesquisa para avaliar se o Monero é suficientemente resistente a ataques para sempre proporcionar a privacidade adequada. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Critérios **Por favor, note que não somos parceiros de nenhum dos produtos que recomendamos.**Em adição aos[nossos critérios básicos](about/criteria.md), desenvolvemos um conjunto claro de requisitos para nos permitir fornecer recomendações objetivas. Recomendamos que você se familiarize com esta lista antes de escolher usar um produto, e que faça sua própria pesquisa para garantir que o produto escolhido é o ideal para você. - A criptomoeda deve fornecer transações privadas/não rastreáveis por padrão. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/financial-services.md b/i18n/pt-BR/financial-services.md index cdfc492b..04aeb8fe 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/pt-BR/vpn.md b/i18n/pt-BR/vpn.md index 3cbc97fe..ac060a4d 100644 --- a/i18n/pt-BR/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/pt-BR/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Exigimos que todos os nossos provedores de VPN recomendados forneçam arquivos d - Suporte para protocolos fortes, como WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch integrado aos clientes. - Suporte a Multihop. O Multihopping é importante para manter os dados privados no caso de comprometimento de um único nó. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. Acreditamos que a disponibilidade do [código-fonte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) proporciona maior transparência sobre o que o seu dispositivo está realmente fazendo. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Melhor Caso:** diff --git a/i18n/pt/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/pt/advanced/payments.md index 74b80181..fd99d773 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/pt/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -Há uma razão para que os dados sobre os seus hábitos de compra sejam considerados o Santo Graal da segmentação de anúncios: as suas compras podem revelar um verdadeiro tesouro de dados sobre si. Infelizmente, o atual sistema financeiro, por conceção, é anti-privacidade, o que permite a bancos, a outras empresas e aos governos rastrear facilmente as suas transações. No entanto, há muitas opções para efetuar pagamentos com privacidade. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Infelizmente, o atual sistema financeiro, por conceção, é anti-privacidade, o que permite a bancos, a outras empresas e aos governos rastrear facilmente as suas transações. No entanto, há muitas opções para efetuar pagamentos com privacidade. ## Dinheiro -Durante séculos, o **dinheiro** foi a principal forma de pagamento. O numerário tem excelentes propriedades de privacidade na maioria dos casos, é amplamente aceite na maioria dos países e é **fungível**, o que significa que não é único e é completamente intercambiável. +Durante séculos, o **dinheiro** foi a principal forma de pagamento. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -A legislação relativa ao pagamento em numerário varia de acordo com o país. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). A empresa recetora é obrigada a verificar o nome, a morada, a profissão, a data de nascimento e o número de segurança social ou NIF do beneficiário (com algumas exceções). É possível pagar sem que seja necessária a identificação, nos casos de câmbio ou transmissão de dinheiro em que o valor não exceda os 3 mil dólares. O dinheiro também contém números de série. Estes quase nunca são monitorizados pelos comerciantes, mas podem ser utilizados pelas autoridades policiais em investigações específicas. +A legislação relativa ao pagamento em numerário varia de acordo com o país. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). A empresa recetora é obrigada a verificar o nome, a morada, a profissão, a data de nascimento e o número de segurança social ou NIF do beneficiário (com algumas exceções). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Apesar disso, pagar em dinheiro é normalmente a melhor opção. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Cartões pré-pagos e Cartões de oferta -É relativamente simples comprar cartões de oferta e cartões pré-pagos com dinheiro, na maioria das mercearias e lojas de conveniência. Os cartões-presente geralmente não têm associada uma taxa. Não é o caso dos cartões pré-pagos, que muitas vezes têm taxas e datas de validade, o que deve suscitar a sua atenção. No momento de pagar, algumas lojas podem pedir a sua identificação, de forma a evitar fraudes. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Os cartões-presente geralmente não têm associada uma taxa. Não é o caso dos cartões pré-pagos, que muitas vezes têm taxas e datas de validade, o que deve suscitar a sua atenção. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Os cartões-presente têm geralmente limites de 200 dólares por cartão, podendo esses limites chegar aos 2 mil dólares por cartão. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Os cartões de oferta têm a desvantagem de estarem sujeitos às políticas do comerciante, que podem ter condições e restrições terríveis. Por exemplo, alguns comerciantes não aceitam pagamentos exclusivamente em cartões de oferta ou podem mesmo cancelar o valor do cartão, se o considerarem um utilizador de alto risco. Quando se tem crédito comercial, o comerciante tem um forte grau de controlo sobre esse crédito. -Os cartões pré-pagos não permitem levantamentos de dinheiro em caixas multibanco, nem pagamentos "peer-to-peer" no Venmo, e em aplicações semelhantes. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Para a maioria das pessoas, o dinheiro continua a ser a melhor opção para as compras presenciais. Os cartões de oferta podem ser úteis pelas poupanças que proporcionam. Os cartões pré-pagos podem ser úteis em locais onde o dinheiro não é aceite. Os cartões de oferta e os cartões pré-pagos são mais fáceis de utilizar online do que o dinheiro, sendo mais fáceis de adquirir com criptomoedas do que com dinheiro. +Para a maioria das pessoas, o dinheiro continua a ser a melhor opção para as compras presenciais. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Os cartões pré-pagos podem ser úteis em locais onde o dinheiro não é aceite. Os cartões de oferta e os cartões pré-pagos são mais fáceis de utilizar online do que o dinheiro, sendo mais fáceis de adquirir com criptomoedas do que com dinheiro. ### Marketplaces Online -Se tiver [criptomoedas](../cryptocurrency.md), pode comprar cartões de oferta através de um marketplace online. Alguns destes serviços oferecem opções de verificação de identidade para limites mais elevados, mas também permitem contas apenas com um endereço de e-mail. As contas básicas possuem limites que começam entre 5 mil e 10 mil dólares, sendo os limites significativamente mais elevados nas contas com identidade verificada (se disponíveis). +Se tiver [criptomoedas](../cryptocurrency.md), pode comprar cartões de oferta através de um marketplace online. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -Quando se compram cartões-presente online, há normalmente um ligeiro desconto. Os cartões pré-pagos são normalmente vendidos online pelo seu valor nominal ou mediante o pagamento de uma taxa. Se comprar cartões pré-pagos e cartões de oferta com criptomoedas, deverá optr por pagar com Monero, uma vez que proporciona grande privacidade. Pagar um cartão-presente com um método de pagamento rastreável, anula os benefícios que um cartão-presente pode oferecer quando comprado com dinheiro ou Monero. +Quando se compram cartões-presente online, há normalmente um ligeiro desconto. Os cartões pré-pagos são normalmente vendidos online pelo seu valor nominal ou mediante o pagamento de uma taxa. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Pagar um cartão-presente com um método de pagamento rastreável, anula os benefícios que um cartão-presente pode oferecer quando comprado com dinheiro ou Monero. - [Marketplaces online de cartões-presente :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ Estes serviços tendem a ser boas opções para pagamentos recorrentes/assinatur ## Criptomoedas -As criptomoedas são uma forma digital de moeda concebida para funcionar sem autoridades centrais, como um governo ou um banco. Enquanto *alguns* projetos de criptomoeda podem permitir transações online com privacidade, muitos deles utilizam uma blockchain pública que não proporciona qualquer privacidade nas transações. As criptomoedas também tendem a ser ativos muito voláteis, o que significa que o seu valor pode mudar rápida e significativamente a qualquer momento. Como tal, não recomendamos a utilização de criptomoeda como uma reserva de valor a longo prazo. Se decidir utilizar criptomoedas online, certifique-se de que conhece previamente todos os aspetos da sua política de privacidade e invista apenas em montantes que não signifiquem uma perda avultada. +As criptomoedas são uma forma digital de moeda concebida para funcionar sem autoridades centrais, como um governo ou um banco. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Como tal, não recomendamos a utilização de criptomoeda como uma reserva de valor a longo prazo. Se decidir utilizar criptomoedas online, certifique-se de que conhece previamente todos os aspetos da sua política de privacidade e invista apenas em montantes que não signifiquem uma perda avultada.

Danger

-A grande maioria das criptomoedas opera numa blockchain **pública**, o que significa que todas as transações são do conhecimento público. Isto inclui até as criptomoedas mais conhecidas, como a Bitcoin e a Ethereum. As transações com estas criptomoedas não garantem privacidade, não protegendo o anonimato. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. As transações com estas criptomoedas não garantem privacidade, não protegendo o anonimato. -Além disso, muitas das criptomoedas, se não a maioria, são burlas. Faça transações com cuidado, escolhendo apenas projetos em que confia. +Além disso, muitas das criptomoedas, se não a maioria, são burlas. Faça transações com cuidado, escolhendo apenas projetos em que confia. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ Há uma série de projetos de criptomoeda que pretendem proporcionar privacidade - [Criptomoedas recomendadas :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -As moedas que pretendem garantir privacidade têm sido objeto de um controlo crescente por parte das agências governamentais. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. Acabaram [por pagar a duas empresas, a ](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis e a Integra Fec), um total de 1,25 milhões de dólares por ferramentas que supostamente o fazem (desconhece-se qual a rede de criptomoedas visada por estas ferramentas). Há muito secretismo a rodear ferramentas como estas, ==nenhum destes métodos de rastreio de criptomoedas foi confirmado de forma independente.== No entanto, é bastante provável que existam ferramentas que ajudem investigações relacionadas com transações de criptomoedas orientadas para a privacidade, o que deixa espaço para que estas apenas consigam impedir a vigilância em massa. +As moedas que pretendem garantir privacidade têm sido objeto de um controlo crescente por parte das agências governamentais. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Outras moedas (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -A grande maioria dos projetos de criptomoeda utiliza uma blockchain pública, o que significa que todas as transações são facilmente rastreáveis e permanentes. Como tal, desaconselhamos vivamente a utilização da maioria das criptomoedas por motivos relacionados com a privacidade. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. Como tal, desaconselhamos vivamente a utilização da maioria das criptomoedas por motivos relacionados com a privacidade. -As transações anónimas numa blockchain pública são *teoricamente* possíveis, e a wiki da Bitcoin [dá um exemplo de uma transação "completamente anónima"](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). No entanto, isso requer uma configuração complicada que envolve o Tor e a "mineração solitária" de um bloco para gerar criptomoeda completamente independente, uma prática que, durante todos estes anos, não se tem revelado conveniente para quase nenhum entusiasta. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==A sua melhor opção é evitar estas criptomoedas por completo e ficar com uma que forneça privacidade por defeito.== Tentar usar outras criptomoedas está fora do âmbito deste site e é fortemente desencorajado. ### Custódia da carteira -Nas criptomoedas, existem duas formas de carteiras: carteiras com custódia e carteiras sem custódia. As carteiras com custódia são operadas por empresas/casas de câmbio centralizadas, onde a chave privada da sua carteira é mantida por essa empresa, e pode aceder a ela em qualquer lugar, normalmente com um nome de utilizador e uma palavra-passe. As carteiras sem custódia são carteiras em que o utilizador controla e gere as chaves privadas de acesso. Partindo do princípio que mantém as chaves privadas da sua carteira seguras e com cópias de segurança, as carteiras sem custódia oferecem maior segurança e resistência à censura do que as carteiras com custódia, porque a sua criptomoeda não pode ser roubada ou congelada por uma empresa que tenha a custódia das suas chaves privadas. A custódia de chaves é especialmente importante quando se trata de moedas orientadas para a privacidade: As carteiras de custódia concedem à empresa operadora a capacidade de ver as suas transações, negando os benefícios de privacidade dessas criptomoedas. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. As carteiras com custódia são operadas por empresas/casas de câmbio centralizadas, onde a chave privada da sua carteira é mantida por essa empresa, e pode aceder a ela em qualquer lugar, normalmente com um nome de utilizador e uma palavra-passe. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. A custódia de chaves é especialmente importante quando se trata de moedas orientadas para a privacidade: As carteiras de custódia concedem à empresa operadora a capacidade de ver as suas transações, negando os benefícios de privacidade dessas criptomoedas. ### Aquisição -Comprar com privacidade [criptomoedas](../cryptocurrency.md) como o Monero pode ser difícil. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Depois, pode retirar o Monero comprado para a sua própria carteira sem custódia para o utilizar com privacidade a partir desse momento. +Comprar com privacidade [criptomoedas](../cryptocurrency.md) como o Monero pode ser difícil. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Se optar por esta via, certifique-se de que compra Monero em alturas diferentes das que vão ser utilizadas para o gastar, bem como em montantes diferentes. Se comprar 5 mil dólares de Monero numa casa de câmbio e fizer uma compra de 5 mil euros em Monero uma hora mais tarde, esse comportamento pode ser potencialmente correlacionado por um observador externo, independentemente do caminho que o Monero tomou. O escalonamento das compras e a compra antecipada de grandes quantidades de Monero para depois gastar em várias transações mais pequenas pode evitar esta armadilha. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ Se optar por esta via, certifique-se de que compra Monero em alturas diferentes Quando efetuar um pagamento presencial com dinheiro, não se esqueça de ter em conta a sua privacidade presencial. As câmaras de segurança são omnipresentes. Por esse motivo, considerar o uso de vestuário não distinto e de uma máscara facial (por exemplo, uma máscara cirúrgica ou N95) pode ser uma escolha prudente. Não se inscreva em programas de prémios nem forneça quaisquer outras informações sobre si. Ao comprar online, o ideal é fazê-lo através do browser [Tor](tor-overview.md). No entanto, muitos comerciantes não permitem compras com o Tor. Pode considerar a utilização de uma [VPN recomendada](../vpn.md) (paga com dinheiro, cartão de oferta ou Monero), ou efetuar a compra num café ou biblioteca com Wi-Fi gratuito. Se estiver a encomendar um artigo físico que tenha de ser entregue, terá de indicar um endereço de entrega. Deve considerar a utilização de uma caixa postal, de uma caixa de correio privada ou de um endereço profissional. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/pt/cloud.md b/i18n/pt/cloud.md index d59d9692..c54382f1 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/pt/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/pt/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/pt/cryptocurrency.md index 99ce27f0..06c3ed29 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/pt/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Faça transações com cuida With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Framadate **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/pt/financial-services.md b/i18n/pt/financial-services.md index c15641e9..58b47cce 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/pt/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/pt/vpn.md b/i18n/pt/vpn.md index 597679b7..9d77e67e 100644 --- a/i18n/pt/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/pt/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Exigimos que todos os nossos fornecedores de VPN recomendados forneçam ficheiro - Suporte para protocolos fortes, como o WireGuard e OpenVPN. - Killswitch incorporado nos clientes. - Suporte multihop. O multihopping é importante para manter os dados privados, no caso de um nó de rede ser comprometido. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. Acreditamos que a disponibilidade do [código-fonte](https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3digo-fonte) proporciona uma maior transparência em relação ao que o seu dispositivo está realmente a fazer. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Melhor caso:** diff --git a/i18n/ru/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/ru/advanced/payments.md index 76ab35f3..db8c108f 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/ru/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -Не зря данные о ваших покупательских привычках считаются святым Граалем таргетинга рекламы: ваши покупки могут рассказать очень много информации о вас. К сожалению, существующая финансовая система по своей сути является антиприватной, позволяя банкам, другим компаниям и правительствам легко отслеживать транзакции. Тем не менее у вас есть много вариантов осуществлять платежи приватно. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. К сожалению, существующая финансовая система по своей сути является антиприватной, позволяя банкам, другим компаниям и правительствам легко отслеживать транзакции. Тем не менее у вас есть много вариантов осуществлять платежи приватно. ## Наличные -На протяжении веков **наличные** функционировали как основная форма приватных платежей. Наличные деньги обладают превосходными свойствами конфиденциальности в большинстве случаев, широко принимаются в большинстве стран и являются **заменяемыми**, то есть они не уникальны и полностью взаимозаменяемы. +На протяжении веков **наличные** функционировали как основная форма приватных платежей. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Законы об оплате наличными варьируются в зависимости от страны. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). Получающее предприятие обязано проверить имя, адрес, род занятий, дату рождения и номер социального страхования или другой ИНН получателя (за некоторыми исключениями). Более низкие лимиты без удостоверения личности, такие как $3 000 или меньше, существуют для обмена и передачи денег. Наличные деньги также содержат серийные номера. Они почти никогда не отслеживаются продавцами, но могут быть использованы правоохранительными органами в расследованиях. +Законы об оплате наличными варьируются в зависимости от страны. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). Получающее предприятие обязано проверить имя, адрес, род занятий, дату рождения и номер социального страхования или другой ИНН получателя (за некоторыми исключениями). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Несмотря на это, как правило, это лучший вариант. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Предоплаченные карты & Подарочные карты -Приобрести подарочные карты и предоплаченные карты в большинстве продуктовых и круглосуточных магазинов за наличные деньги довольно просто. Подарочные карты обычно не имеют комиссии, предоплаченные - часто имеют, поэтому обращайте пристальное внимание на эти комиссии и сроки действия. Некоторые магазины могут попросить предъявить удостоверение личности на кассе для предотвращения мошенничества. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Подарочные карты обычно не имеют комиссии, предоплаченные - часто имеют, поэтому обращайте пристальное внимание на эти комиссии и сроки действия. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Подарочные карты обычно имеют лимит до 200 долларов, но некоторые предлагают лимиты до 2 000 долларов. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Подарочные карты имеют тот недостаток, что они зависят от политики продавцов, которые могут иметь ужасные условия использования и ограничения. Например, некоторые продавцы не принимают оплату исключительно подарочными картами или могут аннулировать стоимость карты, если сочтут вас пользователем с высоким уровнем риска. Получив торговый кредит, торговое предприятие имеет сильную степень контроля над этим кредитом. -Предоплаченные карты не позволяют снимать наличные в банкоматах или осуществлять "peer-to-peer" платежи в Venmo и подобных приложениях. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Для большинства людей наличные остаются лучшим вариантом для покупок, совершаемых при личном присутствии. Подарочные карты могут быть полезны благодаря экономии, которую они приносят. Предоплаченные карты могут быть полезны в местах, где не принимают наличные. В отличие от наличных, подарочные карты и предоплаченные карты легче использовать в интернете и их легче приобрести с помощью криптовалют. +Для большинства людей наличные остаются лучшим вариантом для покупок, совершаемых при личном присутствии. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Предоплаченные карты могут быть полезны в местах, где не принимают наличные. В отличие от наличных, подарочные карты и предоплаченные карты легче использовать в интернете и их легче приобрести с помощью криптовалют. ### Онлайн магазины -Если у вас есть [криптовалюта](../cryptocurrency.md), вы можете приобрести подарочные карты на онлайн-маркетплейсе подарочных карт. Некоторые из этих служб предлагают возможность проверки личности для получения более высоких лимитов, но они также позволяют открывать счета, используя только адрес электронной почты. Базовые лимиты начинаются от $5,000-10,000 в день для базовых счетов, и значительно выше лимиты для счетов, подтвержденных документами (если они предлагаются). +Если у вас есть [криптовалюта](../cryptocurrency.md), вы можете приобрести подарочные карты на онлайн-маркетплейсе подарочных карт. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -При покупке подарочных карт через интернет обычно предоставляется небольшая скидка. Предоплаченные карты обычно продаются в интернете по номинальной стоимости или с комиссией. Если вы покупаете предоплаченные карты и подарочные карты с помощью криптовалюты, вам следует отдать предпочтение оплате с помощью Monero, которая обеспечивает высокую степень конфиденциальности, подробнее об этом ниже. Оплата подарочной карты с помощью отслеживаемого способа оплаты сводит на нет преимущества, которые может предоставить подарочная карта при покупке за наличные или Monero. +При покупке подарочных карт через интернет обычно предоставляется небольшая скидка. Предоплаченные карты обычно продаются в интернете по номинальной стоимости или с комиссией. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Оплата подарочной карты с помощью отслеживаемого способа оплаты сводит на нет преимущества, которые может предоставить подарочная карта при покупке за наличные или Monero. - [Онлайн-маркетплейсы подарочных карт :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you stil ## Криптовалюта -Криптовалюты - это цифровая форма валюты, разработанная для работы без центральных органов власти, таких как правительство или банк. Хотя *некоторые* криптовалютные проекты могут позволить вам совершать приватные транзакции онлайн, многие из них используют публичный блокчейн, который не обеспечивает конфиденциальности транзакций. Криптовалюты также имеют тенденцию быть очень волатильными активами, то есть их стоимость может быстро и значительно измениться в любой момент. Поэтому мы обычно не рекомендуем использовать криптовалюту в качестве долгосрочного хранилища финансов. Если вы решили использовать криптовалюту для онлайн-платежей, убедитесь, что вы заранее полностью изучили аспекты ее конфиденциальности, и вкладывайте только те суммы, потеря которых не будет катастрофической. +Криптовалюты - это цифровая форма валюты, разработанная для работы без центральных органов власти, таких как правительство или банк. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. Поэтому мы обычно не рекомендуем использовать криптовалюту в качестве долгосрочного хранилища финансов. Если вы решили использовать криптовалюту для онлайн-платежей, убедитесь, что вы заранее полностью изучили аспекты ее конфиденциальности, и вкладывайте только те суммы, потеря которых не будет катастрофической.

Danger

-Подавляющее большинство криптовалют работает на **публичном** блокчейне, что означает, что каждая транзакция является общеизвестной. Это касается даже самых известных криптовалют, таких как Bitcoin и Ethereum. Операции с этими криптовалютами не должны считаться приватными и они не защитят вашу анонимность. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Операции с этими криптовалютами не должны считаться приватными и они не защитят вашу анонимность. -Кроме того, многие, если не большинство криптовалют, являются скамом. Осуществляйте транзакции осторожно, используя только те проекты, которым вы доверяете. +Кроме того, многие, если не большинство криптовалют, являются скамом. Осуществляйте транзакции осторожно, используя только те проекты, которым вы доверяете. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you stil - [Рекомендуемые криптовалюты :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Конфиденциальные монеты становятся объектом всё более пристального внимания со стороны государственных органов. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. В итоге они [заплатили двум компаниям](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis и Integra Fec) в общей сложности 1,25 миллиона долларов за инструменты, которые якобы позволяют это сделать (неизвестно, на какую криптовалютную сеть нацелены эти инструменты). Из-за секретности, окружающей подобные инструменты, ==ни один из этих методов отслеживания криптовалют не был независимо подтвержден.== Тем не менее, вполне вероятно, что инструменты, помогающие целенаправленным расследованиям транзакций с конфиденциальными монетами, существуют, и что частные монеты только преуспевают в предотвращении массовой слежки. +Конфиденциальные монеты становятся объектом всё более пристального внимания со стороны государственных органов. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Другие монеты (Bitcoin, Ethereum и т.д.) -Подавляющее большинство криптовалютных проектов используют публичный блокчейн, что означает, что все транзакции легко отслеживаются и являются постоянными. Поэтому мы настоятельно не рекомендуем использовать большинство криптовалют по причинам, связанным с конфиденциальностью. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. Поэтому мы настоятельно не рекомендуем использовать большинство криптовалют по причинам, связанным с конфиденциальностью. -Анонимные транзакции на публичном блокчейне *теоретически* возможны, и на вики-странице Биткоина [приводится один пример "полностью анонимной" транзакции](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). Однако для этого требуется сложная схема, включающая Tor и "соло-майнинг". Это практики, которые не были практичными практически ни для одного энтузиаста в течение многих лет. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Лучший вариант - полностью избегать этих криптовалют и придерживаться той, которая обеспечивает конфиденциальность по умолчанию.== Попытки использовать другие криптовалюты выходят за рамки данного сайта и настоятельно не рекомендуются. ### Хранилище кошелька -Для криптовалют существует два типа кошельков: кастодиальные кошельки и некастодиальные кошельки. Кастодиальные кошельки управляются централизованными компаниями/биржами, где закрытый ключ для вашего кошелька хранится в этой компании, и вы можете получить к нему доступ в любом месте, как правило, с помощью обычного имени пользователя и пароля. Некастодиальные кошельки - это кошельки, в которых вы контролируете и управляете закрытыми ключами для доступа к ним. При условии, что вы храните закрытые ключи своего кошелька безопасно и делаете резервное копирование, некастодиальные кошельки обеспечивают большую безопасность и устойчивость к цензуре, чем хранимые кошельки, поскольку ваша криптовалюта не может быть украдена или заморожена компанией, хранящей ваши закрытые ключи. Хранилище ключей особенно важно, когда речь идет о монетах, обеспечивающих конфиденциальность: кастодиальные кошельки дают компании возможность просматривать ваши транзакции, что сводит на нет преимущества конфиденциальности этих криптовалют. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Кастодиальные кошельки управляются централизованными компаниями/биржами, где закрытый ключ для вашего кошелька хранится в этой компании, и вы можете получить к нему доступ в любом месте, как правило, с помощью обычного имени пользователя и пароля. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Хранилище ключей особенно важно, когда речь идет о монетах, обеспечивающих конфиденциальность: кастодиальные кошельки дают компании возможность просматривать ваши транзакции, что сводит на нет преимущества конфиденциальности этих криптовалют. ### Приобретение -Конфиденциальное приобретение [криптовалюты](../cryptocurrency.md), такой как Monero, может быть затруднительным. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Затем вы можете вывести приобретенные Monero на свой собственный некастодиальный кошелек, чтобы с этого момента использовать их приватно. +Конфиденциальное приобретение [криптовалюты](../cryptocurrency.md), такой как Monero, может быть затруднительным. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} Если вы пойдете по этому пути, убедитесь, что количество Monero и время покупки должны отличаться на платформе покупки и платформе, где вы собираетесь их тратить. Если вы купите $5000 Monero на бирже и сделаете покупку на $5000 Monero часом позже, эти действия могут быть соотнесены сторонним наблюдателем. Лучше купить большие суммы Monero по частям, а затем потратить их так же. Это поможет избежать отслеживания. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you stil Когда вы совершаете платеж наличными при вашем личном присутствии, не забывайте о конфиденциальности. Камеры наблюдения распространены повсеместно. Подумайте о том, чтобы надеть непримечательную одежду и маску для лица (например, хирургическую маску или N95). Не подписывайтесь на программы вознаграждений и не предоставляйте никакой другой информации о себе. При покупке онлайн, в идеале, следует делать это через [Tor](tor-overview.md). Однако многие продавцы не разрешают совершать покупки с помощью Tor. Вы можете рассмотреть возможность использования [рекомендованного VPN](../vpn.md) (оплачивается наличными, подарочной картой или Monero) или совершить покупку в кофейне или библиотеке с бесплатным Wi-Fi. Если вы заказываете физический товар, который необходимо доставить, вам необходимо указать адрес доставки. Вам следует рассмотреть возможность использования почтового постамата или рабочего адреса. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ru/cloud.md b/i18n/ru/cloud.md index a70317c7..dc5c2cbd 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/ru/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/ru/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/ru/cryptocurrency.md index d4dd6574..63aa8d2a 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/ru/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ cover: cryptocurrency.webp С помощью Monero сторонние наблюдатели не могут расшифровать адреса, которые обмениваются Monero, суммы транзакций, балансы адресов или историю транзакций. -Для максимальной конфиденциальности убедитесь, что вы используете некастодиальный кошелек, где ключ просмотра остается на вашем устройстве, а не на удалённом сервере. Это означает то, что только вы будете иметь возможность расходовать свои средства и видеть входящие и исходящие транзакции. Если вы используете кастодиальный кошелек, провайдер может видеть **абсолютно всё**, что вы делаете; если вы используете "лёгкий" кошелек, где провайдер хранит ваш приватный ключ, он может видеть практически всё, что вы делаете. Некоторые некастодиальные кошельки включают в себя: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Публичные сообщения показывают, что сеть по борьбе с финансовыми преступлениями министерства финансов США [лицензировала](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) "модуль Monero" CipherTrace в конце 2022 года. + +Конфиденциальность графа транзакций Monero ограничена его относительно небольшими кольцевыми подписями, особенно против персональных атак. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. Хотя маловероятно, что существуют инструменты массового наблюдения за Monero, как это происходит с Bitcoin и другими криптовалютами, несомненно инструменты отслеживания помогают проводить персональные расследования. + +В конечном итоге Monero является самым сильным претендентом на звание криптовалюты, обеспечивающей конфиденциальность, но ее заявления о конфиденциальности **не** были окончательно доказаны тем или иным способом. Необходимо больше времени и исследований, чтобы оценить, достаточно ли устойчива Monero к атакам, чтобы всегда обеспечивать достаточную конфиденциальность. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. Это означает то, что только вы будете иметь возможность расходовать свои средства и видеть входящие и исходящие транзакции. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Официальный клиент Monero](https://getmonero.org/ru/downloads/) (для ПК) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet поддерживает множество криптовалют. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -Для обеспечения максимальной конфиденциальности (даже при использовании некастодиального кошелька) вам следует запустить собственный узел Monero. Использование чьего-то узла раскрывает ему некоторую информацию, например: IP-адрес, с которого вы к нему подключаетесь, временные метки, по которым вы синхронизируете свой кошелек, и транзакции, которые вы отправляете из своего кошелька (хотя никакой другой информации об этих транзакциях нет). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Публичные сообщения показывают, что сеть по борьбе с финансовыми преступлениями министерства финансов США [лицензировала](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) "модуль Monero" CipherTrace в конце 2022 года. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Использование чьего-то узла раскрывает ему некоторую информацию, например: IP-адрес, с которого вы к нему подключаетесь, временные метки, по которым вы синхронизируете свой кошелек, и транзакции, которые вы отправляете из своего кошелька (хотя никакой другой информации об этих транзакциях нет). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Конфиденциальность графа транзакций Monero ограничена его относительно небольшими кольцевыми подписями, особенно против персональных атак. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. Хотя маловероятно, что существуют инструменты массового наблюдения за Monero, как это происходит с Bitcoin и другими криптовалютами, несомненно инструменты отслеживания помогают проводить персональные расследования. +### Buying Monero -В конечном итоге Monero является самым сильным претендентом на звание криптовалюты, обеспечивающей конфиденциальность, но ее заявления о конфиденциальности **не** были окончательно доказаны тем или иным способом. Необходимо больше времени и исследований, чтобы оценить, достаточно ли устойчива Monero к атакам, чтобы всегда обеспечивать достаточную конфиденциальность. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Критерии **Обрати внимание, что у нас нет связей ни с одним проектом, который мы рекомендуем.** В дополнение к [нашим стандартным критериям](about/criteria.md) мы разработали четкий набор требований, позволяющий давать объективные рекомендации. Перед тем, как вы решите выбрать какой-либо проект, мы рекомендуем вам ознакомиться со списком критериев и провести собственное исследование, чтобы убедиться в правильности своего выбора. - Криптовалюта должна по умолчанию обеспечивать приватные/неотслеживаемые транзакции. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/ru/financial-services.md b/i18n/ru/financial-services.md index 8ce75434..7af41743 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/ru/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ MySudo's virtual cards are currently only available via their iOS app. - Принимает оплату в [рекомендуемой криптовалюте](cryptocurrency.md). - Не требуется удостоверение личности. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/ru/vpn.md b/i18n/ru/vpn.md index fb3891c2..a217bcbe 100644 --- a/i18n/ru/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/ru/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Mullvad is very transparent about which nodes they [own or rent](https://mullvad - Поддержка надежных протоколов, таких как WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch встроен в приложения. - Поддержка Multihop. Multihop важен для сохранения конфиденциальности данных в случае компрометации одного узла. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. Мы считаем, что доступность [исходного кода](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) обеспечивает большую прозрачность в отношении того, что на самом деле делает ваше устройство. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **В лучшем случае:** diff --git a/i18n/sv/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/sv/advanced/payments.md index fd49f18b..ea7b8e4a 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/sv/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/sv/cloud.md b/i18n/sv/cloud.md index 07e5cd6e..5d84523b 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/sv/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/sv/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/sv/cryptocurrency.md index 17143e39..c10bd64c 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/sv/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Kriterier **Observera att vi inte är knutna till något av de projekt som vi rekommenderar.** Förutom [våra standardkriterier](about/criteria.md)har vi utvecklat en tydlig uppsättning krav som gör det möjligt för oss att ge objektiva rekommendationer. Vi föreslår att du bekantar dig med den här listan innan du väljer att använda ett projekt, och att du gör din egen forskning för att se till att det är rätt val för dig. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/sv/financial-services.md b/i18n/sv/financial-services.md index 24c0be10..dbce491f 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/sv/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/sv/vpn.md b/i18n/sv/vpn.md index 934bcbd7..c135f420 100644 --- a/i18n/sv/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/sv/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/tr/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/tr/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/tr/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/tr/cloud.md b/i18n/tr/cloud.md index 3daab23f..636387fe 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/tr/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/tr/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/tr/cryptocurrency.md index 2638d193..63bd81db 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/tr/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/tr/financial-services.md b/i18n/tr/financial-services.md index 4af77052..dd98ce16 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/tr/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/tr/vpn.md b/i18n/tr/vpn.md index 9f39344c..25f9294a 100644 --- a/i18n/tr/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/tr/vpn.md @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/uk/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/uk/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/uk/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/uk/cloud.md b/i18n/uk/cloud.md index c5cd90c6..00246378 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/uk/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/uk/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/uk/cryptocurrency.md index aa5b0ad4..8832249a 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/uk/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/uk/financial-services.md b/i18n/uk/financial-services.md index 01a7d08b..909e83d2 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/uk/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/uk/vpn.md b/i18n/uk/vpn.md index 39b73381..6900a87d 100644 --- a/i18n/uk/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/uk/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/vi/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/vi/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/vi/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/vi/cloud.md b/i18n/vi/cloud.md index 398ac6d5..3e8759a4 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/vi/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/vi/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/vi/cryptocurrency.md index b86c461d..0e01aa1d 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/vi/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Framadate **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/vi/financial-services.md b/i18n/vi/financial-services.md index d2d5b39b..d8d05df5 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/vi/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/vi/vpn.md b/i18n/vi/vpn.md index 52e2884d..7a1ffd3a 100644 --- a/i18n/vi/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/vi/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ We require all our recommended VPN providers to provide OpenVPN configuration fi - Support for strong protocols such as WireGuard & OpenVPN. - Killswitch built in to clients. - Multihop support. Multihopping is important to keep data private in case of a single node compromise. -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what your device is actually doing. +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:** diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/payments.md index 979cb217..0e675eca 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: 您的購買習慣是用於廣告定位的絕佳資料，但在私下付款時，您仍有許多選擇。 --- -購買習慣的資料視為廣告定位聖杯是有原因的：購買行為會洩漏有關當事人的許多寶貴資訊。 不幸的是，目前的金融體系在設計上不利隱私，使銀行、其他公司和政府能夠輕鬆追蹤交易。 然而，在私下付款方面，您有很多選擇。 +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. 不幸的是，目前的金融體系在設計上不利隱私，使銀行、其他公司和政府能夠輕鬆追蹤交易。 然而，在私下付款方面，您有很多選擇。 ## 現金 -幾個世紀以來， **現金** 一直是私人支付的主要形式。 在大多數情況下，現金具有優秀的隱私性，在大多數國家被廣泛接受，並且是 **可替代的**，這意味著它是非唯一的，完全可互換。 +幾個世紀以來， **現金** 一直是私人支付的主要形式。 Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -現金支付法因國家而異。 在美國，超過 10,000 美元的現金支付需要在 IRS 申報 [表格8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-owned/form-8300-and-reporting-cash - payments-of- over-10000)。 收款業必須驗證收款人的姓名、地址、職業、出生日期、社會安全號碼或其他TIN （部分例外）。 少於 3,000 美元交換和匯款，就無須身份證明。 現金鈔票有序號。 商家很少追蹤序號，但執法部門可以在針對性調查中用到它們。 +現金支付法因國家而異。 在美國，超過 10,000 美元的現金支付需要在 IRS 申報 [表格8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-owned/form-8300-and-reporting-cash - payments-of- over-10000)。 收款業必須驗證收款人的姓名、地址、職業、出生日期、社會安全號碼或其他TIN （部分例外）。 Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -儘管如此，現金仍是最好的選擇。 +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## 預付卡 & 禮品卡 -在大多數雜貨店和便利店用現金購買禮品卡和預付卡相對簡單。 禮品卡通常不收取費用，但預付卡通常會收取費用，因此請留意其費用和到期日期。 為了減少欺詐行為，部分商店可能會在結帳時要求查看身分證件。 +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. 禮品卡通常不收取費用，但預付卡通常會收取費用，因此請留意其費用和到期日期。 Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. 禮品卡通常每張上限為 200美元，有些禮品卡上限到 2,000 美元。 預付卡（例如： Visa 或 Mastercard ）通常卡片額度為 1,000 美元。 禮品卡的缺點是受商家政策的約束，這些政策可能有糟糕的條款和限制。 例如，有些商家不接受禮品卡付款，或者對高風險用戶取消禮品卡的價值。 一旦您拿了由商家信用擔保的禮品卡，商家就會對這筆金額有強烈的控制權。 -預付卡無法從 ATM 提取現金或在 Venmo 以應用程式中進行“點對點”付款。 +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -對於大多數人來說，現金仍然是現場購物的最佳選擇。 禮品卡用處在於節省。 預付卡適用於不接受現金的地方。 網路中禮品卡和預付卡比現金更容易使用，也更容易透過加密貨幣獲得。 +對於大多數人來說，現金仍然是現場購物的最佳選擇。 Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. 預付卡適用於不接受現金的地方。 網路中禮品卡和預付卡比現金更容易使用，也更容易透過加密貨幣獲得。 ### 網上交易平臺 -如果您有 [加密貨幣](../cryptocurrency.md)，可在線禮品卡市場購買禮品卡。 有服務在更高額度時有提供身份驗證選項，它們也允許帳戶只需提供電子郵件地址。 基本帳戶限額為每天 5,000-10,000 美元，身份驗證帳戶（如果有）的限額則更高。 +如果您有 [加密貨幣](../cryptocurrency.md)，可在線禮品卡市場購買禮品卡。 Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -在網上購買禮品卡時，通常會有小折扣。 預付卡通常以面值或收取服務費在網上銷售。 如果您使用加密貨幣購買預付卡和禮品卡，您最好使用強大隱私的 Monero 付款，下面將進一步說明。 使用可追溯的付款方式支付禮物卡，取消了用現金或 Monero 購買禮品卡的隱私優點。 +在網上購買禮品卡時，通常會有小折扣。 預付卡通常以面值或收取服務費在網上銷售。 If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). 使用可追溯的付款方式支付禮物卡，取消了用現金或 Monero 購買禮品卡的隱私優點。 - [網上禮品卡市場 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ description: 您的購買習慣是用於廣告定位的絕佳資料，但在私 ## 加密貨幣 -加密貨幣是一種數位形式的貨幣，其設計上沒有中央機構如政府或銀行即自行運作。 *有些* 加密貨幣可以在線上私密交易，但許多使用公開區塊錬則無法保障交易隱私。 加密貨幣是非常不穩定的資產，這它們的價值可能隨時發生急速顯著變化。 因此，不建議加密貨幣作為長期價值儲存。 如果決定使用加密貨幣，請確保已充分了解其隱私，且投資金額不會變成災難性損失。 +加密貨幣是一種數位形式的貨幣，其設計上沒有中央機構如政府或銀行即自行運作。 While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. 因此，不建議加密貨幣作為長期價值儲存。 如果決定使用加密貨幣，請確保已充分了解其隱私，且投資金額不會變成災難性損失。

Danger "危險"

-絕大多數加密貨幣都在* *公共* *區塊鏈上運作，這意味著每筆交易都可公開知道。 這包括最知名的加密貨幣，如比特幣和以太坊。 加密貨幣的交易不應被視為私密，也不會保護您的匿名性。 +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. 加密貨幣的交易不應被視為私密，也不會保護您的匿名性。 -此外，許多（如果不是大多數）加密貨幣都是騙局。 只用你信任的項目小心進行交易。 +此外，許多（如果不是大多數）加密貨幣都是騙局。 只用你信任的項目小心進行交易。 Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ description: 您的購買習慣是用於廣告定位的絕佳資料，但在私 - [推薦的加密貨幣 :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -隱私硬幣受到政府機構日益嚴格的監管。 2020 年，[美國 IRS 獎賞625,000 美元](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other- Privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc)，獎勵那些可破壞比特幣閃電網路和/或門羅幣交易隱私的工具。 最後由 [二家公司](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) 共同獲得 $1250000 美元，但外界並不知道所開發的工具是用在哪一種加密貨幣網路。 由於這些工具的保密性，追蹤加密貨幣的方法都未得到獨立的證實。隱私硬幣交易很可能被運用在針對性地調查，而大規模監控則無法阻止。 +隱私硬幣受到政府機構日益嚴格的監管。 In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### 其他貨幣（比特幣、以太坊等） -絕大多數加密貨幣項目使用公共區塊鏈，這意味著所有交易記錄都很容易追溯和永久保存。 因此，我們強烈不鼓勵把加密貨幣用和隱私相關的事物上。 +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. 因此，我們強烈不鼓勵把加密貨幣用和隱私相關的事物上。 -公開區塊錬上的匿名交易*理論上* 可行，比特幣維基就 [提出如何"完全匿名"交易的案例](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation)。 然而，這樣需要複雜的設定，涉及Tor和“獨自挖掘”一個區塊來產生完全獨立的加密貨幣，多年來幾乎沒有任何愛好者實踐過。 +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. = =您最好還是完全避免這些加密貨幣，並堅持使用預設隱私的加密貨幣。嘗試使用其他加密貨幣超出了本網站的範圍，非常不建議。 ### 錢包保管 -加密貨幣有兩種形式的錢包：託管錢包和非託管錢包。 託管錢包由集中式公司/交易所運營，錢包的私鑰由該公司持有，您可以使用用戶名和密碼從任何地方存取。 非託管錢包是您自己控制和管理錢包的私鑰。 假如可以保管好錢包的私鑰安全並備份，非保管錢包比保管錢包具有更大的安全性和審查抵抗力，因為您的加密貨幣不會被保管的公司竊取或凍結。 金鑰保管在隱私貨幣上尤其重要：保管錢包使運營公司能夠查看您的交易，否定了這些加密貨幣的隱私優勢。 +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. 託管錢包由集中式公司/交易所運營，錢包的私鑰由該公司持有，您可以使用用戶名和密碼從任何地方存取。 Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. 金鑰保管在隱私貨幣上尤其重要：保管錢包使運營公司能夠查看您的交易，否定了這些加密貨幣的隱私優勢。 ### 取得 -私下購買 [加密貨幣](../cryptocurrency.md) ，如Monero 可能很困難。 P2P 交易市場，為促進人群交易的平台，也是個可考慮的選擇。 如果使用需要 KYC的交易所是您可接受的風險(只要隨後的交易無法追蹤)。一個更容易的方式是從 [Kraken](https://kraken.com)等交易所購買 Monero ，或者從 KYC 交易所購買比特幣/萊特幣，然後兌換為 Monero。 然後，您可以將購入的 Monero 提取到自己的非保管錢包，以便 日後私下使用。 +私下購買 [加密貨幣](../cryptocurrency.md) ，如Monero 可能很困難。 P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} 如果您選擇這條路線，請確保以不同的時間和額度購買與用掉Monero 。 如果你在交易所購買 5000 美元的 Monero ，並在一個小時後花掉這筆錢，外部觀察者會將這些行為作關聯，無關 Monero 走的是通道。 驚人的購買和提前購買大量的Monero 以支應之後小額交易，可以避免這種陷阱。 @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ description: 您的購買習慣是用於廣告定位的絕佳資料，但在私 使用現金現場付款時，請務必謹記現場隱私。 安全攝影機無處不在。 不妨考慮穿著不顯眼的衣服和口罩（如外科口罩或N95 ）。 請勿註冊獎勵計劃或提供自己的相關資訊。 在網上購買時，理想情況下應該透過 [Tor](tor-overview.md)進行。 但是，許多商家不允許使用 Tor 購買。 可以考慮使用 [推薦的 VPN](../vpn.md) （使用現金、禮品卡或 Monero 支付），或利用咖啡店或圖書館免費 Wi-Fi 購買。 如果你訂購的是實體物品，則需要提供送遞地址。 您應該考慮使用郵政信箱、私人郵箱或工作地址。 + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/cloud.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/cloud.md index ea9e1e6d..3505a5fa 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud [仍是](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) 自我託管檔案管理 ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** 是一個加密雲端儲存提供商，由經營廣受歡迎的加密電子郵件 [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail) 的提供商推出。 初始免費儲存空間限制為 2GB，但完成特定步驟後，可獲得高達 5GB 的額外儲存空間。 +**Proton Drive** 是一個加密雲端儲存提供商，由經營廣受歡迎的加密電子郵件 [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail) 的提供商推出。 The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: 首頁](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="隱私權政策" } diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/cryptocurrency.md index f2ec2533..3ae86f91 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ cover: cryptocurrency.webp 使用 Monero ，外部觀察者無法破譯 Monero 交易地址、交易金額、地址餘額或交易歷史。 -為了獲得最佳的隱私，請務必使用非保管錢包，讓查看金鑰保留在裝置上。 這意味著只有您能夠花費資金並查看交易進出。 若使用託管錢包，則服務商可看到**全部活動** ；如果用的是"輕量"錢包，則服務商保存了您的私鑰並看到您全部的交易活動。 一些非保管錢包包括： +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +2021 年 8 月，CipherTrace [宣佈](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) 為政府機構提供更強的Monero 追蹤能力。 公開貼文顯示，美國財政部金融犯罪執法網路於 2022 年底 [授權](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace 的「Monero 模塊」。 + +Monero 交易圖隱私受到其相對較小的環形簽名的限制，特別是抵抗針對性的攻擊。 Monero 的隱私功能也曾被某些資安研究人員 [質疑](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) ，過去也曾發現一些嚴重的漏洞（已被修補），因此如 CipherTrace 的宣稱並非不可能。 雖然 Monero 大規模監控工具不太可能像比特幣和其他工具一樣存在，但可以肯定的是，追蹤工具有助於進行針對性的調查。 + +Monero 是隱私友好的加密貨幣中最強大的競爭者，但它的隱私聲稱**尚未**被任何方式證明 。 需要更多的時間和研究來評估 Monero 是否足夠抵禦攻擊來提供足夠的隱私。 + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. 這意味著只有您能夠花費資金並查看交易進出。 If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [官方Monero客戶端](https://getmonero.org/downloads) （桌面） -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet 支援多種加密貨幣。 適用於 iOS 和 Android 的 Monero專用版 Cake Wallet 可在 [Monero.com](https://monero.com) 網站下載。 - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (桌面版) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -為了獲得最大的隱私（即便使用非保管錢包），您應該運行自己的 Monero 節點。 使用別人的節點會暴露一些信息，例如您從中連接到它的IP位址，同步錢包的時間戳記以及您從錢包發送的交易（儘管沒有關於這些交易的其他細節）。 另外，您也可以透過 Tor 或 [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project) 連接到其他人的 Monero 節點。 +### Monero nodes -2021 年 8 月，CipherTrace [宣佈](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) 為政府機構提供更強的Monero 追蹤能力。 公開貼文顯示，美國財政部金融犯罪執法網路於 2022 年底 [授權](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace 的「Monero 模塊」。 +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). 使用別人的節點會暴露一些信息，例如您從中連接到它的IP位址，同步錢包的時間戳記以及您從錢包發送的交易（儘管沒有關於這些交易的其他細節）。 Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero 交易圖隱私受到其相對較小的環形簽名的限制，特別是抵抗針對性的攻擊。 Monero 的隱私功能也曾被某些資安研究人員 [質疑](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) ，過去也曾發現一些嚴重的漏洞（已被修補），因此如 CipherTrace 的宣稱並非不可能。 雖然 Monero 大規模監控工具不太可能像比特幣和其他工具一樣存在，但可以肯定的是，追蹤工具有助於進行針對性的調查。 +### Buying Monero -Monero 是隱私友好的加密貨幣中最強大的競爭者，但它的隱私聲稱**尚未**被任何方式證明 。 需要更多的時間和研究來評估 Monero 是否足夠抵禦攻擊來提供足夠的隱私。 +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## 標準 **請注意，我們與推薦的任何項目均無關。**除了[我們的通用標準](about/criteria.md)外，我們還制定了一套明確的要求，以便我們能夠提供客觀的建議。 我們建議您在選擇使用項目之前先熟悉此列表，並進行自己的研究，以確保它是您的正確選擇。 - 預設情況下，加密貨幣必須提供私密/無法追蹤的交易。 + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/financial-services.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/financial-services.md index a4ac88d7..7087c4e8 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ MySudo 虛擬卡目前只能在其 iOS應用上使用。 - 接受使用 [我們推薦的加密貨幣](cryptocurrency.md) 付款。 - 無需提供身份證件。 + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/zh-Hant/vpn.md b/i18n/zh-Hant/vpn.md index 3b3906a7..07c6f419 100644 --- a/i18n/zh-Hant/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/zh-Hant/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Mullvad 對於他們[自有或租用](https://mullvad.net/en/servers)的節點 - 支援強固的協議，如 WireGuard & OpenVPN。 - 客戶端內建 Killswitch。 - 支援多跳連接 (Multihop)。 萬一單個節點受損，多跳方式就非常重要，才能保持數據的私密性。 -- 如有提供 VPN 用戶端，則應為 [開源](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source)，一如所內建的 VPN 軟體。 我們相信，可取得的[源代碼](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code)可為用戶設備實際運作提供更高的透明度。 +- 如有提供 VPN 用戶端，則應為 [開源](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source)，一如所內建的 VPN 軟體。 We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **最佳案例：** diff --git a/i18n/zh/advanced/payments.md b/i18n/zh/advanced/payments.md index cdeaa4f2..57c31a1c 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/advanced/payments.md +++ b/i18n/zh/advanced/payments.md @@ -4,33 +4,33 @@ icon: material/hand-coin description: Your buying habits are the holy grail of ad targeting, but you still have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. --- -There's a reason data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. +Data about your buying habits is considered the holy grail of ad targeting: your purchases can leak a veritable treasure trove of data about you. Unfortunately, the current financial system is anti-privacy by design, enabling banks, other companies, and governments to easily trace transactions. Nevertheless, you have plenty of options when it comes to making payments privately. ## Cash -For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangable. +For centuries, **cash** has functioned as the primary form of private payment. Cash has excellent privacy properties in most cases, is widely accepted in most countries, and is **fungible**, meaning it is non-unique and completely interchangeable. -Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Lower limits without ID such as $3,000 or less exist for exchanges and money transmission. Cash also contains serial numbers. These are almost never tracked by merchants, but they can be used by law enforcement in targeted investigations. +Cash payment laws vary by country. In the United States, special disclosure is required for cash payments over $10,000 to the IRS on [Form 8300](https://irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/form-8300-and-reporting-cash-payments-of-over-10000). The receiving business is required to ID verify the payee’s name, address, occupation, date of birth, and Social Security Number or other TIN (with some exceptions). Regulated exchanges, banks, and money services businesses must collect an ID for transactions exceeding $3,000. Cash contains serial numbers to assist law enforcement in targeted investigations. -Despite this, it’s typically the best option. +Despite the above, cash is typically the best option when available. ## Prepaid Cards & Gift Cards -It’s relatively simple to purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout to reduce fraud. +You can easily purchase gift cards and prepaid cards at most grocery stores and convenience stores with cash. Gift cards usually don’t have a fee, though prepaid cards often do, so pay close attention to these fees and expiry dates. Some stores may ask to see your ID at checkout in an effort to reduce fraud. Gift cards usually have limits of up to $200 per card, but some offer limits of up to $2,000 per card. Prepaid cards (e.g.: from Visa or Mastercard) usually have limits of up to $1,000 per card. Gift cards have the downside of being subject to merchant policies, which can have terrible terms and restrictions. For example, some merchants don’t accept payment in gift cards exclusively, or they may cancel the value of the card if they consider you to be a high-risk user. Once you have merchant credit, the merchant has a strong degree of control over this credit. -Prepaid cards don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. +Prepaid cards usually don’t allow cash withdrawals from ATMs or “peer-to-peer” payments in Venmo and similar apps. -Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards can be useful for the savings they bring. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. +Cash remains the best option for in-person purchases for most people. Gift cards are often sold at a discount, which make them attractive. Prepaid cards can be useful for places that don’t accept cash. Gift cards and prepaid cards are easier to use online than cash, and they are easier to acquire with cryptocurrencies than cash. ### Online Marketplaces -If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer ID verification options for higher limits, but they also allow accounts with just an email address. Basic limits start at $5,000-10,000 a day for basic accounts, and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). +If you have [cryptocurrency](../cryptocurrency.md), you can purchase gift cards with an online gift card marketplace. Some of these services offer high limits (with ID verification), but they usually allow basic, low-limit accounts with just an email address. Expect limits under $10,000 for basic accounts and significantly higher limits for ID verified accounts (if offered). -When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy, more on this below. Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. +When buying gift cards online, there is usually a slight discount. Prepaid cards are usually sold online at face value or with a fee. If you buy prepaid cards and gift cards with cryptocurrencies, you should strongly prefer to pay with Monero which provides strong privacy (more on this below). Paying for a gift card with a traceable payment method negates the benefits a gift card can provide when purchased with cash or Monero. - [Online Gift Card Marketplaces :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../financial-services.md#gift-card-marketplaces) @@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ These tend to be good options for recurring/subscription payments online, while ## Cryptocurrency -Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a public blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly at any time. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose. +Cryptocurrencies are a digital form of currency designed to work without central authorities such as a government or bank. While *some* cryptocurrency projects can allow you to make private transactions online, many use a transparent blockchain which does not provide any transaction privacy. Cryptocurrencies also tend to be very volatile assets, meaning their value can change rapidly and significantly. As such, we generally don't recommend using cryptocurrency as a long-term store of value. If you decide to use cryptocurrency online, make sure you have a full understanding of its privacy aspects beforehand, and only invest amounts which would not be disastrous to lose.

Danger

-The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **public** blockchain, meaning that every transaction is public knowledge. This includes even most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. +The vast majority of cryptocurrencies operate on a **transparent** blockchain, meaning that every transaction's details are public knowledge. This includes most well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. Transactions with these cryptocurrencies should not be considered private and will not protect your anonymity. -Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. +Additionally, many if not most cryptocurrencies are scams. Make transactions carefully with only projects you trust. Transactions are irreversible and do not include any consumer protections.
@@ -61,23 +61,25 @@ There are a number of cryptocurrency projects which purport to provide privacy b - [Recommended Cryptocurrency :material-arrow-right-drop-circle:](../cryptocurrency.md#monero) -Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can break Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero's transaction privacy. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million for tools which purport to do so (it is unknown which cryptocurrency network these tools target). Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. +Privacy coins have been subject to increasing scrutiny by government agencies. In 2020, [the IRS published a $625,000 bounty](https://forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2020/09/14/irs-will-pay-up-to-625000-if-you-can-crack-monero-other-privacy-coins/?sh=2e9808a085cc) for tools which can trace (at least to some extent) Bitcoin Lightning Network and/or Monero transactions. They ultimately [paid two companies](https://sam.gov/opp/5ab94eae1a8d422e88945b64181c6018/view) (Chainalysis and Integra Fec) a combined $1.25 million to further develop tools to do so. Due to the secrecy surrounding tools like these, ==none of these methods of tracing cryptocurrencies have been independently confirmed.== However, it is quite likely that tools which assist targeted investigations into private coin transactions exist, and that privacy coins in their current form only succeed in thwarting mass surveillance. ### Other Coins (Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.) -The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a public blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. +The vast majority of cryptocurrency projects use a transparent blockchain, meaning that all transactions are both easily traceable and permanent. As such, we strongly discourage the use of most cryptocurrency for privacy-related reasons. -Anonymous transactions on a public blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, doing so requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical for nearly any enthusiast for many years. +Anonymous transactions on a transparent blockchain are *theoretically* possible, and the Bitcoin wiki [gives one example of a "completely anonymous" transaction](https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Privacy#Example_-_A_perfectly_private_donation). However, this example requires a complicated setup involving Tor and "solo-mining" a block to generate completely independent cryptocurrency, a practice which has not been practical (even for enthusiasts) for many years. ==Your best option is to avoid these cryptocurrencies entirely and stick with one which provides privacy by default.== Attempting to use other cryptocurrency is outside the scope of this site and strongly discouraged. ### Wallet Custody -With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and noncustodial wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Noncustodial wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, noncustodial wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. +With cryptocurrency there are two forms of wallets: custodial wallets and self-custody wallets. Custodial wallets are operated by centralized companies/exchanges, where the private key for your wallet is held by that company, and you can access them anywhere typically with a regular username and password. Self-custody wallets are wallets where you control and manage the private keys to access it. Assuming you keep your wallet's private keys secured and backed up, self-custody wallets provide greater security and censorship-resistance over custodial wallets, because your cryptocurrency can't be stolen or frozen by a company with custody over your private keys. Key custody is especially important when it comes to privacy coins: Custodial wallets grant the operating company the ability to view your transactions, negating the privacy benefits of those cryptocurrencies. ### Acquisition -Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces, platforms which facilitate trades between people, are one option that can be used. If using an exchange which requires KYC is an acceptable risk for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, a much easier option is to purchase Monero on an exchange like [Kraken](https://kraken.com), or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own noncustodial wallet to use privately from that point forward. +Acquiring [cryptocurrencies](../cryptocurrency.md) like Monero privately can be difficult. P2P marketplaces (platforms which facilitate trades between people) are one option, though the user experience typically suffers. If using an exchange which requires KYC is acceptable for you as long as subsequent transactions can't be traced, it's much easier to purchase Monero on a centralized exchange or purchase Bitcoin/Litecoin from a KYC exchange which can then be swapped for Monero. Then, you can withdraw the purchased Monero to your own self-custody wallet to use privately from that point forward. + +[Recommended places to buy Monero](../cryptocurrency.md#buying-monero ""){.md-button} If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in different amounts than where you will spend it. If you purchase $5000 of Monero at an exchange and make a $5000 purchase in Monero an hour later, those actions could potentially be correlated by an outside observer regardless of which path the Monero took. Staggering purchases and purchasing larger amounts of Monero in advance to later spend on multiple smaller transactions can avoid this pitfall. @@ -86,3 +88,10 @@ If you go this route, make sure to purchase Monero at different times and in dif When you're making a payment in-person with cash, make sure to keep your in-person privacy in mind. Security cameras are ubiquitous. Consider wearing non-distinct clothing and a face mask (such as a surgical mask or N95). Don’t sign up for rewards programs or provide any other information about yourself. When purchasing online, ideally you should do so over [Tor](tor-overview.md). However, many merchants don’t allow purchases with Tor. You can consider using a [recommended VPN](../vpn.md) (paid for with cash, gift card, or Monero), or making the purchase from a coffee shop or library with free Wi-Fi. If you are ordering a physical item that needs to be delivered, you will need to provide a delivery address. You should consider using a PO box, private mailbox, or work address. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](../about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/zh/cloud.md b/i18n/zh/cloud.md index 815a4a45..e7ae9d3a 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/cloud.md +++ b/i18n/zh/cloud.md @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Nextcloud is [still a recommended tool](document-collaboration.md#nextcloud) for ![Proton Drive logo](assets/img/cloud/protondrive.svg){ align=right } -**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of certain steps, additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. +**Proton Drive** is an encrypted cloud storage provider from the popular encrypted email provider [Proton Mail](email.md#proton-mail). The initial free storage is limited to 2GB, but with the completion of [certain steps](https://proton.me/support/more-free-storage-existing-users), additional storage can be obtained up to 5GB. [:octicons-home-16: Homepage](https://proton.me/drive){ .md-button .md-button--primary } [:octicons-eye-16:](https://proton.me/drive/privacy-policy){ .card-link title="Privacy Policy" } diff --git a/i18n/zh/cryptocurrency.md b/i18n/zh/cryptocurrency.md index d094a2aa..541a8f3a 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/cryptocurrency.md +++ b/i18n/zh/cryptocurrency.md @@ -41,24 +41,54 @@ Many if not most cryptocurrency projects are scams. Make transactions carefully With Monero, outside observers cannot decipher addresses trading Monero, transaction amounts, address balances, or transaction histories. -For optimal privacy, make sure to use a noncustodial wallet where the view key stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your private view key, the provider can see almost everything you do. Some noncustodial wallets include: +
+Monero's resilience to mass surveillance + +In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. + +Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. + +Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. + +
+ +### Monero wallets + +For optimal privacy, make sure to use a self-custody wallet where the [view key](https://www.getmonero.org/resources/moneropedia/viewkey.html) stays on the device. This means that only you will have the ability to spend your funds and see incoming and outgoing transactions. If you use a custodial wallet, the provider can see **everything** you do; if you use a “lightweight” wallet where the provider retains your view key, the provider can see almost everything you do (but not spend your funds). Some self-custody wallets where the view key does not leave your device include: - [Official Monero client](https://getmonero.org/downloads) (Desktop) -- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, macOS) +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com) (iOS, Android, Desktop) - Cake Wallet supports multiple cryptocurrencies. A Monero-only version of Cake Wallet for iOS and Android is available at [Monero.com](https://monero.com). - [Feather Wallet](https://featherwallet.org) (Desktop) - [Monerujo](https://monerujo.io) (Android) -For maximum privacy (even with a noncustodial wallet), you should run your own Monero node. Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor or [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project). +### Monero nodes -In August 2021, CipherTrace [announced](https://web.archive.org/web/20240223224846/https://ciphertrace.com/enhanced-monero-tracing) enhanced Monero tracing capabilities for government agencies. Public postings show that the US Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network [licensed](https://sam.gov/opp/d12cbe9afbb94ca68006d0f006d355ac/view) CipherTrace's "Monero Module" in late 2022. +For maximum privacy (even with a self-custody wallet), you should run your own Monero node called the [Monero daemon](https://getmonero.org/downloads/#cli). Using another person’s node will expose some information to them, such as the IP address that you connect to it from, the timestamps that you sync your wallet, and the transactions that you send from your wallet (though no other details about those transactions). Alternatively, you can connect to someone else’s Monero node over Tor, [I2P](alternative-networks.md#i2p-the-invisible-internet-project), or a VPN. -Monero transaction graph privacy is limited by its relatively small ring signatures, especially against targeted attacks. Monero's privacy features have also been [called into question](https://web.archive.org/web/20180331203053/https://wired.com/story/monero-privacy) by some security researchers, and a number of severe vulnerabilities have been found and patched in the past, so the claims made by organizations like CipherTrace are not out of the question. While it's unlikely that Monero mass surveillance tools exist like they do for Bitcoin and others, it's certain that tracing tools assist with targeted investigations. +### Buying Monero -Ultimately, Monero is the strongest contender for a privacy-friendly cryptocurrency, but its privacy claims have **not** been definitively proven one way or the other. More time and research is needed to assess whether Monero is resilient enough to attacks to always provide adequate privacy. +[General tips for acquiring Monero](advanced/payments.md#acquisition ""){.md-button} + +There are numerous centralized exchanges (CEX) as well as P2P marketplaces where you can buy and sell Monero. Some of them require identifying yourself (KYC) to comply with anti-money laundering regulations. However, due to Monero's privacy features, the only thing known to the seller is _that_ you bought Monero, but not how much you own or where you spend it (after it leaves the exchange). Some reputable places to buy Monero include: + +- [Kraken](https://kraken.com): A well-known CEX. Registration and KYC are mandatory. Card payments and bank transfers accepted. Make sure not to leave your newly purchased Monero on Kraken's platform after the purchase; withdraw them to a self-custody wallet. Monero is not available in all jurisdictions that Kraken operates in.[^1] +- [Cake Wallet](https://cakewallet.com): A self-custody cross-platform wallet for Monero and other cryptocurrencies. You can buy Monero directly in the app using card payments or bank transfers (through third-party providers such as [Guardarian](https://guardarian.com) or [DFX](https://dfx.swiss)).[^2] KYC is usually not required, but it depends on your country and the amount you are purchasing. In countries where directly purchasing Monero is not possible, you can also use a provider within Cake Wallet to first buy another cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, or Litecoin and then exchange it to Monero in-app. + - [Monero.com](https://monero.com) is an associated website where you can buy Monero and other cryptocurrencies without having to download an app. The funds will simply be sent to the wallet address of your choice. +- [RetoSwap](https://retoswap.com) (formerly known as Haveno-Reto) is a self-custody, decentralized P2P exchange platform based on the [Haveno](https://haveno.exchange) project which is available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. Monero can be bought and sold with maximum privacy, since most trading counterparties do not require KYC, trades are made directly between users (P2P), and all connections run through the Tor network. It is possible to buy Monero via bank transfer, Paypal, or even by paying in cash (meeting in person or sending by mail). Arbitrators can step in to resolve disputes between buyer and seller, but be careful when sharing your bank account or other sensitive information with your trading counterparty. Trading with some accounts may be against those accounts' terms of service. Please note that you can only buy Monero on RetoSwap if you already own a small amount of Monero (currently a minimum of 0.11 XMR) in order to fund security deposits, although there are ongoing efforts to drop this requirement in the future. ## Criteria **Please note we are not affiliated with any of the projects we recommend.** In addition to [our standard criteria](about/criteria.md), we have developed a clear set of requirements to allow us to provide objective recommendations. We suggest you familiarize yourself with this list before choosing to use a project, and conduct your own research to ensure it's the right choice for you. - Cryptocurrency must provide private/untraceable transactions by default. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
+ +[^1]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Kraken does **not** allow the purchase of Monero: [Where is Kraken licensed or regulated?](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/where-is-kraken-licensed-or-regulated) and [Support for Monero (XMR) in Europe](https://support.kraken.com/hc/en-us/articles/support-for-monero-xmr-in-europe). +[^2]: You may refer to the following pages for up-to-date information on countries in which Cake Wallet and Monero.com **only** allow the direct purchase of Monero (through third-party providers): [Which countries are served by DFX?](https://docs.dfx.swiss/en/faq.html#which-countries-are-served-by-dfx) and [What are the supported countries/regions? (Guardarian)](https://guardarian.freshdesk.com/support/solutions/articles/80001151826-what-are-the-supported-countries-regions). diff --git a/i18n/zh/financial-services.md b/i18n/zh/financial-services.md index 2ad2be88..ea195a77 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/financial-services.md +++ b/i18n/zh/financial-services.md @@ -103,3 +103,10 @@ These services allow you to purchase gift cards for a variety of merchants onlin - Accepts payment in [a recommended cryptocurrency](cryptocurrency.md). - No ID requirement. + +
+

Important notices

+ +The content here is not legal or financial advice. We do not endorse or encourage illicit activities, and we do not endorse or encourage anything which violates a company's terms of service. Check with a professional to confirm that these recommendations are legal and available in your jurisdiction. [See all notices](about/notices.md). + +
diff --git a/i18n/zh/vpn.md b/i18n/zh/vpn.md index 14c98d64..3a02af82 100644 --- a/i18n/zh/vpn.md +++ b/i18n/zh/vpn.md @@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ Mullvad is very transparent about which nodes they [own or rent](https://mullvad - 支持强大的协议，如WireGuard & OpenVPN。 - 客户端内置的杀毒软件。 - 多跳支持。 多重跳转对于在单个节点受损的情况下保持数据的私密性非常重要。 -- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. 我们相信， [源代码](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) 的可用性提供了更大的透明度，了解你的设备实际上在做什么。 +- If VPN clients are provided, they should be [open source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source), like the VPN software they generally have built into them. We believe that [source code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code) availability provides greater transparency about what the program is actually doing. - Censorship resistance features designed to bypass firewalls without DPI. **Best Case:**