diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index 90147239..94d5a690 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@ file(GLOB SOURCES
         "jogasaki/scheduler/details/*.cpp"
         "jogasaki/serializer/*.cpp"
         "jogasaki/utils/*.cpp"
+        "jogasaki/dist/*.cpp"
 )
 
 if(ENABLE_ALTIMETER)
diff --git a/src/jogasaki/dist/key_distribution.h b/src/jogasaki/dist/key_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bc508a2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jogasaki/dist/key_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2024 Project Tsurugi.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include "key_range.h"
+
+#include <optional>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace jogasaki::dist {
+
+/**
+ * @brief provides the key distribution information on index.
+ */
+class key_distribution {
+  public:
+    using size_type  = std::size_t;
+    using range_type = key_range;
+    using pivot_type = key_range::key_type;
+
+    constexpr key_distribution() = default;
+
+    key_distribution(key_distribution const&)            = delete;
+    key_distribution& operator=(key_distribution const&) = delete;
+
+    key_distribution(key_distribution&&)            = delete;
+    key_distribution& operator=(key_distribution&&) = delete;
+
+    virtual ~key_distribution() = default;
+    /**
+     * @brief computes the estimated count of the entries in the range on index.
+     * @param range the range on index
+     * @return the estimated count of the entries in the range
+     * @return empty if it is not available
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::optional<double> estimate_count(range_type const& range) = 0;
+    /**
+     * @brief computes the estimated key size in the range on index.
+     * @param range the range on index
+     * @return the estimated key size of an entry in the range
+     * @return empty if it is not available
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::optional<double> estimate_key_size(range_type const& range) = 0;
+    /**
+     * @brief computes the estimated value size in the range on index.
+     * @param range the range on index
+     * @return the estimated value size of an entry in the range
+     * @return empty if it is not available
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::optional<double> estimate_value_size(range_type const& range) = 0;
+    /**
+     * @brief compute a sequence of pivots that split the range on index.
+     * @details
+     *    The resulting pivot sequence is sorted by the order of the keys on the index,
+     *    and does not include the keys at both begin and end of the range.
+     * @param max_count maximum count of the pivots
+     * @param range the range on index
+     * @return a sequence of pivots, must be <= max_count
+     * @return empty list if the range is not splittable
+     * @note the returned pivots may not be the actual keys on the index,
+     * and ill-formed from the actual keys
+     * @post individual pivots are within the range
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] virtual std::vector<pivot_type> compute_pivots(
+        size_type max_count, range_type const& range) = 0;
+};
+
+} // namespace jogasaki::dist
diff --git a/src/jogasaki/dist/key_range.cpp b/src/jogasaki/dist/key_range.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f4dedf10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jogasaki/dist/key_range.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2024 Project Tsurugi.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "key_range.h"
+
+#include <optional>
+
+namespace jogasaki::dist {
+
+key_range::key_type key_range::begin_key() const noexcept { return begin_key_; }
+
+key_range::endpoint_type key_range::begin_endpoint() const noexcept { return begin_endpoint_; }
+
+key_range::key_type key_range::end_key() const noexcept { return end_key_; }
+
+key_range::endpoint_type key_range::end_endpoint() const noexcept { return end_endpoint_; }
+} // namespace jogasaki::dist
diff --git a/src/jogasaki/dist/key_range.h b/src/jogasaki/dist/key_range.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fef8cb4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jogasaki/dist/key_range.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2024 Project Tsurugi.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace jogasaki::dist {
+
+class key_range {
+  public:
+    /// @brief the key type.
+    using key_type = std::string_view;
+
+    /// @brief the endpoint type.
+    using endpoint_type = enum { unspecified, inclusive, exclusive, prefix_inclusive };
+
+    /**
+     * @brief creates a whole range on index.
+     */
+    key_range() noexcept : begin_endpoint_(unspecified), end_endpoint_(unspecified){};
+
+    /**
+     * @brief creates a new range on index.
+     * @param begin_key begin key of the range
+     * @param begin_endpoint endpoint type of the begin key,
+     * or unspecified if the range starts from head of the index
+     * @param end_key end key of the range
+     * @param end_endpoint endpoint type of the end key,
+     * or unspecified if the range goes to tail of the index
+     */
+    key_range(key_type begin_key, endpoint_type begin_endpoint, key_type end_key,
+        endpoint_type end_endpoint) noexcept
+        : begin_key_(begin_key), begin_endpoint_(begin_endpoint), end_key_(end_key),
+          end_endpoint_(end_endpoint){};
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the begin key of the range.
+     * @return the begin key
+     * @return don't care if begin_endpoint() returns unspecified
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] key_type begin_key() const noexcept;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the endpoint type of the begin key.
+     * @return the endpoint type
+     * @return unspecified if the range starts from head of the index
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] endpoint_type begin_endpoint() const noexcept;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the end key of the range.
+     * @return the end key.
+     * @return don't care if end_endpoint() returns unspecified
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] key_type end_key() const noexcept;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief returns the endpoint type of the end key.
+     * @return the endpoint type
+     * @return unspecified if the range goes to tail of the index
+     */
+    [[nodiscard]] endpoint_type end_endpoint() const noexcept;
+
+  private:
+    key_type begin_key_;
+    endpoint_type begin_endpoint_;
+    key_type end_key_;
+    endpoint_type end_endpoint_;
+};
+
+} // namespace jogasaki::dist
diff --git a/src/jogasaki/dist/simple_key_distribution.cpp b/src/jogasaki/dist/simple_key_distribution.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a1cd4644
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jogasaki/dist/simple_key_distribution.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2024 Project Tsurugi.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#include "simple_key_distribution.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace jogasaki::dist {
+
+std::optional<double> simple_key_distribution::estimate_count(range_type const& /*range*/) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<double> simple_key_distribution::estimate_key_size(range_type const& /*range*/) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<double> simple_key_distribution::estimate_value_size(range_type const& /*range*/) {
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::vector<simple_key_distribution::pivot_type> simple_key_distribution::compute_pivots(
+    size_type max_count, range_type const& range) {
+    std::vector<pivot_type> pivots;
+    static const unsigned char prefix = 0x81;
+
+    for (int i = 0; i <= 0xff; ++i) {
+        std::string key = {static_cast<char>(prefix), static_cast<char>(i)};
+        pivot_type pivot(key.data(), key.size());
+
+        if ((range.begin_key().empty() || pivot >= range.begin_key()) &&
+            (range.end_key().empty() || pivot < range.end_key())) {
+            pivots.emplace_back(pivot);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (max_count < pivots.size()) {
+        std::random_device rd;
+        std::mt19937 g(rd());
+        std::shuffle(pivots.begin(), pivots.end(), g);
+        pivots.resize(max_count);
+    }
+
+    return pivots;
+}
+
+} // namespace jogasaki::dist
diff --git a/src/jogasaki/dist/simple_key_distribution.h b/src/jogasaki/dist/simple_key_distribution.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fa79d71b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/jogasaki/dist/simple_key_distribution.h
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2018-2024 Project Tsurugi.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+#pragma once
+
+#include "key_distribution.h"
+#include <optional>
+#include <random>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace jogasaki::dist {
+
+class simple_key_distribution : public key_distribution {
+  public:
+    using size_type  = key_distribution::size_type;
+    using range_type = key_distribution::range_type;
+    using pivot_type = key_distribution::pivot_type;
+
+    constexpr simple_key_distribution() = default;
+
+    ~simple_key_distribution() override = default;
+
+    simple_key_distribution(simple_key_distribution const&) = delete;
+
+    simple_key_distribution& operator=(simple_key_distribution const&) = delete;
+
+    simple_key_distribution(simple_key_distribution&&) = delete;
+
+    simple_key_distribution& operator=(simple_key_distribution&&) = delete;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::optional<double> estimate_count(range_type const& range) override;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::optional<double> estimate_key_size(range_type const& range) override;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::optional<double> estimate_value_size(range_type const& range) override;
+
+    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<pivot_type> compute_pivots(
+        size_type max_count, range_type const& range) override;
+};
+
+} // namespace jogasaki::dist