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ls

show contents of current directory ls

show contents of directory ls directory

show contents, hidden files, and stats in human readable form ls -alh

show extended time information ls -lT

show with color and indicators of file type ls -FG

Basic Usage

Display the contents of a directory: ls

Showing Hidden Files

The -a flag will show all files, including those that are hidden, or begin with a dot. . means the current directory, and .. means the parent directory: $ ls -a . .. .hidden.txt bar.txt

Showing More Information

The -l flag will show extended information, including permissions, the number of hard links to the file, owner, group, size in bytes, and date modified: $ ls -l total 16 drwxr-xr-x 4 tyrion group 136 Feb 7 12:09 directory -rwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 0 Feb 3 14:06 executable -rw-r--r-- 1 tyrion group 15 Feb 3 14:01 foo.txt lrwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 7 Feb 3 14:06 link-to-foo.txt -> foo.txt

Human-readable size formats with units can be shown with the -h flag: $ ls -lh total 16 drwxr-xr-x 4 tyrion group 136B Feb 7 12:09 directory -rwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 0B Feb 3 14:06 executable -rw-r--r-- 1 tyrion group 15B Feb 3 14:01 foo.txt lrwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 7B Feb 3 14:06 link-to-foo.txt -> foo.txt

Indicators of file type can be included with the -F flag: $ ls -F directory/ executable* foo.txt link-to-foo.txt@

Extended time format can be shown with the -T flag: $ ls -lT total 16 drwxr-xr-x 4 tyrion group 136 Feb 7 12:09:34 2015 directory -rwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 0 Feb 3 14:06:15 2015 executable -rw-r--r-- 1 tyrion group 15 Feb 3 14:01:12 2015 foo.txt lrwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 7 Feb 3 14:06:40 2015 link-to-foo.txt -> foo.txt

Useful Aliases

ls is often aliased to make the defaults a bit more useful. Here are three basic aliases. The second two can be remembered by "list long" and "list all": $ alias ls='ls -FG' $ alias ll='ls -lhF' $ alias la='ll -A'

ls

List directory contents.

  • List files one per line:

    ls -1

  • List all files, including hidden files:

    ls -a

  • List all files, with trailing / added to directory names:

    ls -F

  • Long format list (permissions, ownership, size and modification date) of all files:

    ls -la

  • Long format list with size displayed using human readable units (KB, MB, GB):

    ls -lh

  • Long format list sorted by size (descending):

    ls -lS

  • Long format list of all files, sorted by modification date (oldest first):

    ls -ltr

To display everything in , excluding hidden files:

ls

To display everything in , including hidden files:

ls -a

To display all files, along with the size (with unit suffixes) and timestamp

ls -lh

To display files, sorted by size:

ls -S

To display directories only:

ls -d */

To display directories only, include hidden:

ls -d .*/ */