show contents of current directory ls
show contents of directory ls directory
show contents, hidden files, and stats in human readable form ls -alh
show extended time information ls -lT
show with color and indicators of file type ls -FG
Display the contents of a directory: ls
Showing Hidden Files
The -a
flag will show all files, including those that are hidden, or begin
with a dot. .
means the current directory, and ..
means the parent
directory:
$ ls -a
. .. .hidden.txt bar.txt
The -l
flag will show extended information, including permissions, the number
of hard links to the file, owner, group, size in bytes, and date modified:
$ ls -l
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 4 tyrion group 136 Feb 7 12:09 directory
-rwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 0 Feb 3 14:06 executable
-rw-r--r-- 1 tyrion group 15 Feb 3 14:01 foo.txt
lrwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 7 Feb 3 14:06 link-to-foo.txt -> foo.txt
Human-readable size formats with units can be shown with the -h
flag:
$ ls -lh
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 4 tyrion group 136B Feb 7 12:09 directory
-rwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 0B Feb 3 14:06 executable
-rw-r--r-- 1 tyrion group 15B Feb 3 14:01 foo.txt
lrwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 7B Feb 3 14:06 link-to-foo.txt -> foo.txt
Indicators of file type can be included with the -F
flag:
$ ls -F
directory/ executable* foo.txt link-to-foo.txt@
Extended time format can be shown with the -T
flag:
$ ls -lT
total 16
drwxr-xr-x 4 tyrion group 136 Feb 7 12:09:34 2015 directory
-rwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 0 Feb 3 14:06:15 2015 executable
-rw-r--r-- 1 tyrion group 15 Feb 3 14:01:12 2015 foo.txt
lrwxr-xr-x 1 tyrion group 7 Feb 3 14:06:40 2015 link-to-foo.txt -> foo.txt
ls
is often aliased to make the defaults a bit more useful. Here are three
basic aliases. The second two can be remembered by "list long" and "list all":
$ alias ls='ls -FG'
$ alias ll='ls -lhF'
$ alias la='ll -A'
List directory contents.
-
List files one per line:
ls -1
-
List all files, including hidden files:
ls -a
-
List all files, with trailing
/
added to directory names:ls -F
-
Long format list (permissions, ownership, size and modification date) of all files:
ls -la
-
Long format list with size displayed using human readable units (KB, MB, GB):
ls -lh
-
Long format list sorted by size (descending):
ls -lS
-
Long format list of all files, sorted by modification date (oldest first):
ls -ltr
To display everything in , excluding hidden files:
ls
To display everything in , including hidden files:
ls -a
ls -lh
ls -S
ls -d */
To display directories only, include hidden:
ls -d .*/ */