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LinuxKit packages

A LinuxKit package is a container image which can be used to assemble a bootable Linux image. The LinuxKit project has a number of core packages, but users can create their own packages, as it's very easy. Packages are the unit of customisation in a LinuxKit-based project, if you know how to build a container, you should be able to build a LinuxKit package.

All official LinuxKit packages are:

  • Signed with Docker Content Trust.
  • Enabled with multi-arch manifests to work on multiple architectures.
  • Derived from well-known (and signed) sources for repeatable builds.
  • Built with multi-stage builds to minimise their size.

CI and Package Builds

When building and merging packages, it is important to note that our CI process builds packages. The targets make ci and make ci-pr execute make -C pkg build. These in turn execute linuxkit pkg build for each package under pkg/. This in turn will try to pull the image whose tag matches the tree hash or, failing that, to build it.

We do not want the builds to happen with each CI run for two reasons:

  1. It is slower to do a package build than to just pull the latest image.
  2. If any of the steps of the build fails, e.g. a curl download that depends on an intermittent target, it can cause all of CI to fail.

Thus, if, as a maintainer, you merge any commits into a pkg/, even if the change is documentation alone, please do a linuxkit package push.

Package source

A package source consists of a directory containing at least two files:

  • build.yml: contains metadata associated with the package
  • Dockerfile: contains the steps to build the package.

build.yml contains the following fields:

  • image (string): (mandatory) The name of the image to build
  • org (string): The hub/registry organisation to which this package belongs
  • arches (list of string): The architectures which this package should be built for (valid entries are GOARCH names)
  • extra-sources (list of strings): Additional sources for the package outside the package directory. The format is src:dst, where src can be relative to the package directory and dst is the destination in the build context. This is useful for sharing files, such as vendored go code, between packages.
  • gitrepo (string): The git repository where the package source is kept.
  • network (bool): Allow network access during the package build (default: no)
  • disable-content-trust (bool): Disable Docker content trust for this package (default: no)
  • disable-cache (bool): Disable build cache for this package (default: no)
  • config: (struct github.com/moby/tool/src/moby.ImageConfig): Image configuration, marshalled to JSON and added as org.mobyproject.config label on image (default: no label)
  • depends: Contains information on prerequisites which must be satisfied in order to build the package. Has subfields:
    • docker-images: Docker images to be made available (as tar files via docker image save) within the package build context. Contains the following nested fields:
      • from-file and list: (string and string list respectively). Mutually exclusive fields specifying the list of images to include. Each image must include a valid digest (sha256:...) in order to maintain determinism. If from-file is used then it is a path relative to (and within) the package directory with one image per line (lines with # in column 0 and blank lines are ignore). If list is used then each entry is an image.
      • target and target-dir: (string) Mutually exclusive fields specifying the target location, if target is used then it is a path relative to (and within) the package dir which names a tar file into which all of the listed images will be saved. If target-dir then it is a path relative to (and within) the package directory which names a directory into which each image will be saved (as «image name»@«digest».tar). NB: The path referenced by target-dir will be removed prior to populating (to avoid issues with stale files).

Building packages

Prerequisites

Before you can build packages you need:

  • Docker version 17.06 or newer. If you are on a Mac you also need docker-credential-osxkeychain.bin, which comes with Docker for Mac.
  • make, notary, base64, jq, and expect
  • A recent version of manifest-tool which you can build with make bin/manifest-tool, or go get github.com:estesp/manifest-tool, or via the LinuxKit homebrew tap with brew install --HEAD manifest-tool. manifest-tool must be in your path.
  • The LinuxKit tool linuxkit which must be in your path.

Further, when building packages you need to be logged into hub with docker login as some of the tooling extracts your hub credentials during the build.

Build packages as a maintainer

If you have write access to the linuxkit organisation on hub, you should also be set up with signing keys for packages and your signing key should have a passphrase, which we call <passphrase> throughout.

All official LinuxKit packages are multi-arch manifests and most of them are available for the following platforms:

  • linux/amd64
  • linux/arm64
  • linux/s390x

Official images must be built on all architectures for which they are available. They can be built and pushed in parallel, but the manifest should be pushed once when all of the images are done.

Pushing out a package as a maintainer involves two distinct stages:

  1. Building and pushing out the platform-specific image
  2. Creating, pushing out and signing the multi-arch manifest, a.k.a. OCI image index

The linuxkit pkg command contains automation which performs all of the steps. Note that «path-to-package» is the path to the package's source directory (containing at least build.yml and Dockerfile). It can be . if the package is in the current directory.

Image Only

To build and push out the platform-specific image, on that platform:

linuxkit pkg push --manifest=false «path-to-package»

The options do the following:

  • --manifest=false means not to push or sign a manifest

Repeat the above on each platform where you need an image.

This will do the following:

  1. Determine the name and tag for the image as follows:
    • The tag is from the hash of the git tree for that package. You can see it by doing linuxkit pkg show-tag «path-to-package».
    • The name for the image is from «path-to-package»/build.yml
    • The organization for the package is given on the command-line, default to linuxkit.
  2. Build the package in the given path using your local docker instance for the local platform. E.g. if you are running on linux/arm64, it will build for linux/arm64.
  3. Tag the build image as «image-name»:«hash»-«arch»
  4. Push the image to the hub

Manifest Only

To perform just the manifest steps, do:

DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_REPOSITORY_PASSPHRASE="<passphrase>" linuxkit pkg push --image=false --manifest «path-to-package»

The options do the following:

  • --image=false do not push the image, as you already did it; you can, of course, skip this argument and push the image as well
  • --manifest create and push the manifest

This will do the following:

  1. Find all of the images on the hub of the format «image-name»:«hash»-«arch»
  2. Create a multi-arch manifest called «image-name»:«hash» (note no -«arch»)
  3. Push the manifest to the hub
  4. Sign the manifest with your key

Each time you perform the manifest steps, it will find all of the images, including any that have been added since last time. The LinuxKit YAML files should consume the package as the multi-arch manifest: linuxkit/<image>:<hash>.

Everything at once

To perform all of the steps at once - build and push out the image for whatever platform you are running on, and create and sign a manifest - do:

DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_REPOSITORY_PASSPHRASE="<passphrase>" linuxkit pkg push «path-to-package»

Prerequisites

  • For all of the steps, you must be logged into hub (docker login).
  • For the manifest steps, you must be logged into hub and the passphrase for the key must be supplied as an environment variable. The build process has to resort to using expect to drive notary so none of the credentials can be entered interactively.

Since it is not very good to have your passphrase in the clear (or even stashed in your shell history), we recommend using a password manager with a CLI interface, such as LastPass or pass. You can then invoke the build like this (for LastPass):

DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_REPOSITORY_PASSPHRASE=$(lpass show <key> --password) linuxkit pkg push «path-to-package»

or alternatively you may add the command to ~/.moby/linuxkit/config.yml e.g.:

pkg:
  content-trust-passphrase-command: "lpass show <key> --password"

Build packages as a developer

If you want to develop packages or test them locally, it is best to override the hub organisation used. You may also want to disable signing while developing. A typical example would be:

linuxkit pkg build -org=wombat -disable-content-trust «path-to-package»

This will create a local image: wombat/<image>:<hash>-<arch> which you can use in your local YAML files for testing. If you need to test on other systems you can push the image to your hub account and pull from a different system by issuing:

linuxkit pkg build -org=wombat -disable-content-trust push

This will push both wombat/<image>:<hash>-<arch> and wombat/<image>:<hash> to hub.

Finally, if you are tired of the long hashes you can override the hash with:

linuxkit pkg build -org=wombat -disable-content-trust -hash=foo push

and this will create wombat/<image>:foo-<arch> and wombat/<image>:foo for use in your YAML files.

Proxies

If you are building packages from behind a proxy, linuxkit pkg build respects the following environment variables, and will set them as --build-arg to docker build when building a package.

  • http_proxy / HTTP_PROXY
  • https_proxy / HTTPS_PROXY
  • ftp_proxy / FTP_PROXY
  • no_proxy / NO_PROXY
  • all_proxy / ALL_PROXY

Note that the first four of these are the standard built-in build-arg options available for docker build; see the docker build documentation. The last, all_proxy, is a standard var used for socks proxying. Since it is not built into docker build, if you want to use it, you will need to add the following line to the dockerfile:

ARG all_proxy

LinuxKit does not judge between lower-cased or upper-cased variants of these options, e.g. http_proxy vs HTTP_PROXY, as docker build does not either. It just passes them through "as-is".