Liferay's documentation is currently implemented in Markdown. We chose Markdown for several reasons:
-
It's readable. Even if you don't know Markdown, you can read it without having to filter out the syntax.
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It gets out of a writer's way. You don't have to worry about mousing to various icons to change text into a heading or create bulleted lists. Just start typing. The syntax is so intuitive, you probably have used it all your life anyway.
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It's easily convertable to other formats. Using Markdown lets us publish to the web, mobile, and print from the same source files.
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It's great for collaborating. Using Github, we can easily see what various people have contributed, through the same diffs we'd use in programming. We can merge those changes pretty easily, too, because the format is simple enough that the changes in the diffs happen to be the actual changes made to the text, rather than a bunch of formatting tags.
In summary, Markdown is, by definition, a text based format that's designed to be as readable as possible. It lets you write in a very natural format which can then be converted to other formats for publication. We have switched to using Markdown for the Liferay 6.1 documentation. It's allowing us to single-source our documentation for the web, for ebooks, and for print.
Each Ant target described in this section is for Liferay's CE docs only (unless
otherwise noted). Most targets have a DXP version that runs on all CE and DXP
docs. Append -dxp to the targets listed below when checking/editing DXP-only
documentation.
Each target should be executed from a document directory in the liferay-docs
repo. For example, /develop/tutorials, /discover/portal, etc.
-
add-article-to-temp: Copies the specified article (e.g.,-Darticle=articles/path/article_name.markdown) and its supportingintro.markdownarticles and images, to a folder calledtempand prepares them for importing to a Knowledge Base. Optionally use this target to add as many articles as you like to thetempfolder for putting in the distribution.Here's an example command sequence that prepares a ZIP file of two articles and their supporting files:
ant clean-temp→ Deletes thetempfolder.ant add-article-to-temp -Darticle=articles\100-tooling\02-liferay-ide\02-creating-a-liferay-workspace-with-liferay-ide.markdownant add-article-to-temp -Darticle=articles\02-from-liferay-6-to-liferay-7\07-upgrading-plugins-to-liferay-7\04-upgrading-portlet-plugins\02-upgrading-a-servlet-based-portlet.markdownant dist-temp→ Zips uptempfolder's articles and images into a ZIP file in thedistfolder, for importing to a Knowledge Base portlet.
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article-to-html: Converts a Markdown article to HTML. This target requires a-Darticleargument, which should point to your Markdown article (e.g.,ant article-to-html -Darticle=articles/100-tooling/05-maven/01-installing-liferay-maven-artifacts.markdown). The generated HTML is located in the document directory's/buildfolder. -
check-headers: Checks all Markdown headers to ensure they properly begin with#characters. -
check: Runs several targets at once to make sure Markdown articles follow LDN standards to ensure a successful build and publishing process. This target should be executed before every pull request. This target includes thecheck-headers,check-images,check-intros,number-headers, andnumber-imagestasks. -
check-article-images: Checks a specific Markdown article's image paths. If an image path (e.g.,../../images/test-pic.png) does not point to an existing image in the/imagesfolder, an error is thrown. This target requires a-Darticleargument, which should point to your Markdown article (e.g.,ant check-article-images -Darticle=articles/100-tooling/05-maven/01-installing-liferay-maven-artifacts.markdown). -
check-images: Checks all Markdown articles' image paths in the folder. If an image path (e.g.,../../images/test-pic.png) does not point to an existing image in the/imagesfolder, an error is thrown. -
check-intros: Checks all directories for an intro file (e.g.,00-intro.markdown). If a folder does not have an intro article, an error is thrown. -
clean-images: (no DXP target) Deletes images from theimagesandimages-dxpfolders that are not used in their corresponding Markdown articles. -
check-links: (no DXP target) Checks links (CE articles only) on the current checked out liferay-docs branch to ensure all links point to existing header IDs (header IDs are used to formulate links). A list of invalid links are listed if any are found.This target can be executed before publishing to the live site since it scans the local liferay-docs repo. This also means that links pointing to articles not hosted in the current repo (e.g., a link pointing to 7.0 documentation residing in an article hosted on the
masterbranch) cannot be validated and, therefore, will not be checked.The following options are available for the
check-linkstask:-Dapi.links: Set this totrueto check API links hosted on docs.liferay.com.-Dlegacy.links: Set this totrueto check legacy links already published to LDN. This checks all links pointing to articles in the current branch and all legacy links hosted on LDN.
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dist-article-ce: Creates a ZIP file for importing the specified article (-Darticle=...), its images, and supporting structure to a Knowledge Base. -
dist-ce: Packages all necessary CE resources into a ZIP file deployable to LDN. -
dist-dxp: Packages all necessary DXP resources into a ZIP file deployable to Liferay's Customer Portal. -
number-headers: Numbers all Markdown article headers with a unique header ID. If there are any duplicate IDs, an error is thrown. See the Assigning Header IDs and Markdown Header ID FAQ sections for more information. -
number-images: Numbers all Markdown articles' images in the folder. Image numbers (e.g., 
When you are finished working on a file, you can call the number-images Ant
task from the parent directory (e.g., /develop/tutorials) of the document you
are working on:
ant number-images
If you're working in a DXP article located in /articles-dxp, run the
corresponding DXP Ant task:
ant number-images-dxp
The DXP task numbers images for articles in /articles and /articles-dxp.
Header IDs help to assure that each uploaded document's web contents have a unique URL. These IDs not only prevent documents from using the same URLs but they also help to preserve web content URLs despite changes to header text in revisions of the document.
Once you've finished creating headers for your article, number your headers using the Ant task:
ant number-headers
If you're working in a DXP article located in /articles-dxp, run the
corresponding DXP Ant task:
ant number-headers-dxp
It will fail if header IDs conflict.
Example - Output from header ID conflict
number-headers:
[java] Numbering headers for files in ../tutorials/articles ...
[java] Dup id:liferay-ide file:..\tutorials\articles\100-tooling\02-liferay-ide\01-installing-liferay-ide.markdown line:1 (already used by file:..\tutorials\articles\100-tooling\02-liferay-ide\00-liferay-ide-intro.markdown)
[java] Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: FAILURE - Duplicate header IDs exist
[java] at com.liferay.documentation.util.NumberHeadersSiteMain.main(Unknown Source)
BUILD FAILED
To resolve a conflict, you must be sure to preserve the header ID that existed first, if that header is a part of the live version of the document on dev.liferay.com. Then, remove the newer header ID from the other header and run the Ant task again to produce a new unique ID for that header.
Below are some tips for some constructs that are unique to Liferay documentation.
Our standard is the opposite of Liferay's code: we use spaces instead of tabs. Why? Because lists and code blocks in Markdown are much easier to control using spaces instead of tabs. Please see the documentation for Markdown for further information on this, or we provide a good example of it when we talk about lists below.
To do figures, you should do it this way:
If you're working in a DXP Markdown article, your image should be saved in the
/images-dxp folder and the figure path should reflect that folder:
Using this syntax for figure images causes Pandoc to create the following, easily styled markup:
<div class="figure">
<img src="../../images/01-logging-into-liferay-portal.png" alt="Figure 1.1: Logging into Liferay Portal" />
<p class="caption">Figure 1.1: Logging into Liferay Portal</p>
</div>
We've duplicated this behavior in the Pegdown parser that we've implemented.
An icon's image helps the reader identify the icon in the UI. To use an existing
icon snapshot, check a document's images/ folder for files ending in
-icon.png. Follow these steps to include an icon image inline in your
article's Markdown text:
- Take a snapshot of the icon, if one doesn't already exist in the document's
images/folder. Please save the snapshot to theimages/folder and end its name with-icon.png. - Crop the image to remove unrelated content from around the icon.
- Resize the image's height to no greater than 20 pixels. Important: Make sure to keep the aspect ratio.
- In the Markdown text, include the icon image in parentheses.
Inline icon image example in Markdown:
Click the *Add Blog Entry* icon ()
to bring up the blog entry editor.
Result shown in a Knowledge Base article:
We are in the habit of using right arrows to denote a series of things a user can click on, such as Go To -> Control Panel -> Web Content. Open/LibreOffice would automatically replace the dash and greater-than sign with a right arrow.
We can do the same in Markdown using the HTML code for this character, which is
→. I created a SuperAbbrev in jEdit which transforms rightarrow into
→.
Because Pegdown does not support the Pandoc extension table syntax, we use a table syntax similar to MultiMarkdown that supports the following features:
- Cell content alignment (left, right, or center)
- Cells containing links, code, images, and text that is plain, bold, italicized, double-quoted, or single-quoted
- Cells containing strong text, emphasized text, double/single quotes, code, links, and images
- Left alignment (default) with
:--- - Right alignment with
: ---: - Center alignment with
:---:
Here is MultiMarkdown-like source for an example table:
**Table Heading (outside of table)**
Column1 | Column2 | Type | Example |
--------- | :--------------| :---------: | -------------: |
foo | bar | strong | **powerful** |
foo | bar | italics | *emphasized* |
foo | bar | double quotes | "Hey you!" |
foo | bar | single quotes | 'yes' |
foo | bar | code | `System.out.println()` |
foo | bar | link | [Liferay.com](http://liferay.com) |
foo | bar | image | |
Here is the table rendered in Github ...
Table Heading (outside of table)
| Column1 | Column2 | Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| foo | bar | strong | powerful |
| foo | bar | italics | emphasized |
| foo | bar | double quotes | "Hey you!" |
| foo | bar | single quotes | 'yes' |
| foo | bar | code | System.out.println() |
| foo | bar | link | Liferay.com |
| foo | bar | image |  |
Table Limitations:
- Grid tables (tables with grid lines) are not supported
- Table captions are not supported
- The period character ( '.') cannot be used in an alignment/divider line
Table Syntax Requirements:
- There must be at least one '|' character per line.
- The separator line must contain only |, -, :, or space characters.
- Cell content must be on one line only.
- Columns are separated by the '|' character.
Table Options
- You can pad out cell text using non-breaking spaces (i.e.
) to the left and/or right of the cell text. - You can use a horizontal rule to help separate the end of the table from paragraphs or tables that follow.
Important: - Pandoc does not support
MultiMarkdown table syntax. If you use Pandoc to build a document for test
purposes, you'll notice that the table does not get converted as you would
expect. If you are using Pandoc to convert a document for a final product (e.g.
ePub), you'll need to temporarily change the table syntax to follow the Pandoc
extension.
Next, let's learn about creating sidebar text.
Sidebars appear frequently in our documentation. We place text in sidebars if we
want to draw special attention to it or if the text contains ancillary
information that doesn't quite belong in the main text. For example, notes,
tips, and warnings are often placed in sidebars. To create a sidebar, set off
your sidebar text with a begin sidebar token (+$$$) and an end sidebar token
($$$), like so:
+$$$
Your sidebar text goes here.
$$$
Sidebars are only rendered on dev.liferay.com. They are not rendered on Github.
Here's what a sidebar on dev.liferay.com looks like:
There's no need to include images in your sidebars. Images for sidebars are handled by Liferay's dev.liferay.com theme.
Important: Make sure that your sidebar tokens have empty lines above and below them so that they are parsed as independent paragraphs.
Let's look at ordered lists, next.
Explicitly number your lists like so ...
1. First step.
2. Second step.
3. Third step.
List items (steps) can have multiple paragraphs, images, code blocks, etc. But
all text blocks following a step's first paragraph, must be indented 4
spaces from the start of the step number. Otherwise, the continuous numbering
is disrupted and the step that follows restarts at 1.
Good steps (Markdown source) ...
1. First step.
This paragraph supports step 1.
2. Second step.
Another paragraph and an image.
3. Third step.
+$$$
**Note:** A sidebar note. Text is placed in sidebars if it deserves
special attention or if it contains ancillary information that doesn't
quite belong in the main text. For example, notes, tips, and warnings
are often placed in sidebars.
$$$
4. Finally! The fourth and final step. Code must be indented 4 spaces more.
Let's see a good code block ...
System.out.println("This code is mono-spaced");
Resulting HTML from Good steps
-
First step.
This paragraph supports step 1.
-
Second step.
Another paragraph and an image.
-
Third step.
-
Finally! The fourth and final step. Code must be indented 4 spaces more. Let's see a good code block ...
System.out.println("This code is mono-spaced");
All is well in the Good steps. Let's consider what NOT to do by way of example--the Bad steps.
Bad steps (Markdown source) ...
1. First step.
This paragraph is not indented the full 4 spaces from the step number.
2. Second step.
Another paragraph and an image.
3. Third step.
+$$$
**Note:** This note disrupts continuous numbering. It also won't be rendered
as a sidebar.
$$$
4. Finally! The fourth and final step. But the code is not monospace as it
needs to be indented 4 more spaces ...
System.out.println("Code should be mono-spaced");
Resulting HTML from Bad steps ...
- First step.
This paragraph is not indented 4 spaces from the step number.
-
Second step.
Another paragraph and even the image and notes below are good.
- Third step.
+$$$ Note: This sidebar note disrupts continuous numbering because it is not indented four spaces. It also is not rendered as a sidebar because there are no blank lines below the begin sidebar token or above the end sidebar token. $$$
-
Finally! The fourth and final step. But the code is not monospace as it needs to be indented 4 more spaces ...
System.out.println("Code should be mono-spaced");
Well, there you have it--the do's and don'ts of ordered lists.
Important: Before you send a pull request, view your Markdown file converted to HTML, using your editor's Pegdown converter or by viewing your document blob on Github. That way you can be sure any ordered lists you have, preserve their consinutous numbering.
You may need to include a video tutorial in a developer tutorial or User Guide
article. To display video tutorials in the markdown, an Administrator must first
upload the video tutorial (in MP4 and WEBM formats) to the Documents and Media
repository on LDN. Videos are organized into two folders: /Develop-videos for
developer tutorials and /User-admin-videos for User Guide articles. The
video's title should be the same for both formats, and include the .mp4 ||
.webm extension in the document name, as shown in the configuration below:
getting-started-with-liferay-ide.mp4
Once the videos are uploaded, you can include them in the markdown. First add a thumbnail of the video to the images folder. Thumbnails should be 250px by 141px (to roughly match the 16x9 aspect ratio). Typically, thumbnails are title cards as shown in the figure below:
Add the following markup after the first paragraph to include the thumbnail:
<div class="video-link">
<img src="../../../images/vid-ide-thumbnail.png" alt="video-thumbnail"/>
</div>
The <div> must use the video-link class for the tutorial to render
properly. Finally, you can include the video.
We use the HTML5 video tag to include multiple sources of our video. Add this markup to the bottom of the article, just before the Related Topics section:
<div class="video-tag" data-name="Getting Started with Liferay IDE">
<video width="100%" height="100%" controls>
<source src="https://dev.liferay.com/documents/10184/367132/getting-started-with-liferay-ide.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="https://dev.liferay.com/documents/10184/367132/getting-started-with-liferay-ide.webm" type="video/webm">
Your browser does not support HTML5 video.
</video>
</div>
The wrapping <div> tag must use the video-tag class and provide a
data-name value. The data-name attribute is used as the title for the
video player. The src attributes point to the video formats. If one format
isn't supported, the other will be delivered. If neither is supported, the user
receives the notification text.
View the video by clicking the thumbnail on the right-side (or bottom on mobile) of the article.
Our build process supports conversion from Markdown to html, odt, and epub formats using Pandoc. The Liferay Docs README describes the repository contents, directory structure, and conversion process. We concatenate the individual chapter files of a document and insert a markdown title block which pandoc parses as bibliographic information. See http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/README.html for details. The default title block in build.properties is empty:
%
%
%
You can override the default title block by defining title, author, and date
fields in your build.<username>.properties file. For example, the following
build.<username>.properties entry
title=Title
author=Author(s) (separated by semicolons)
date=Date
adds the following Markdown text to the beginning of the concatenated file:
% Title
% Author(s) (separated by semicolons)
% Date
This FAQ is provided to help answer questions and provide information on how and why we use IDs for the headers in the Markdown files of our official product documentation.
Header IDs were created for the purpose of preserving the URLs of our official documentation on Liferay.com. Previously, the URLs for our web content were determined by the heading text of our documents (e.g. the text from "# Introduction to Liferay Portal" markdown was used to generate the URL final string in the web content's URL http://www.liferay.com/documentation/liferay-portal/6.1/user-guide/-/ai/introduction-to-liferay). If the titles of the web content were changed, either by re-import of the markdown or manual edits via the GUI, the URLs changed too--breaking any links to the web content.
In response to this issue, Liferay Portal and the AssetImporter have been improved so that web content can be referenced by static IDs. Regardless of whether the titles of a web content change, its ID remains the same, preserving the URL of that web content.
The header IDs are now specified in the markdown source code for our official documents.
Example 1 - ID to an existing web content:
# Introduction to Liferay [](id=introduction-to-liferay)
Example 2 - ID for a new section header:
## Adding and Updating Assets [](id=adding-and-updating-assets)
Each header, regardless of level, is to have a corresponding ID. This gives us the flexibility to create web content for even the lowliest of subsections if we so choose. But no need to worry, those IDs get stripped out of the web content on import to Liferay.com.
The naming convention for new headers very closely follows the existing header title. Uppercase letters are converted to lowercase and spaces are converted to dashes.
Execute ant target number-headers or number-headers-dxp from your document
directory (e.g., /develop/tutorials). You can also run ant check or ant check-dxp to generate header IDs and to various other checks and tasks.
IMPORTANT: Do not change the ID of an existing header. If the header does
not have an existing header, then run the number-headers target on the
document.
IMPORTANT: Do not change the ID of an existing header. You can however, move the header (along with its ID) around within an article or into a different article.
If I want to update existing web content and find that its source is missing header IDs, what do I do?
First, inform the document owner (e.g. Rich for the User Guide and Jim for the Dev Guide).
You'll need to use the last portion of the web content's URL title as the ID for
header in the respective markdown source. After updating the IDs in the
markdown, be sure to run ant target number-headers to detect any issues with
the headers.
How can I be sure that my header IDs will not be in conflict with other header IDs (e.g., IDs in other documents)?
Ant target number-headers detects and reports any issues and/or conflicts
between headers. It will fail if any issues are encountered.
Example - Header ID conflict output
number-headers:
[java] Numbering headers for files in ../tutorials/articles ...
[java] Dup id:liferay-ide file:..\tutorials\articles\100-tooling\02-liferay-ide\01-installing-liferay-ide.markdown line:1 (already used by file:..\tutorials\articles\100-tooling\02-liferay-ide\00-liferay-ide-intro.markdown)
[java] Exception in thread "main" java.lang.Exception: FAILURE - Duplicate header IDs exist
[java] at com.liferay.documentation.util.NumberHeadersSiteMain.main(Unknown Source)
BUILD FAILED
To resolve the above conflict, the author must be sure to preserve the header
ID that existed first, if that header is a part of the live version of the
document on Liferay.com. Then, the author should remove the newer header ID from
the other header and run ant number-headers to produce a new unique ID for
that header.
No, they will not show unless possibly there is a syntax error in the header ID used in your markdown source.
Yes, the dependency targets (e.g. number-headers) executed by our distribution
targets, dist-ce and dist-dxp, fail and report errors if the documents are
missing IDs or have conflicting IDs.
For liferay.com, we use Pegdown with our own, customized parser, which is
included in this project. You can use this with our convert.[sh|bat] script in
the bin folder to preview your articles.
Most programmers have a close relationship with their text editor of choice. This is not an attempt to break that relationship in any way: Markdown is plain text, and you should use whatever tool makes you most effective. One of the reasons we chose it is to allow writers to use whatever tools they want.
For those who are looking for some guidance on a good tool to use, you can use jEdit. It's a great cross-platform text editor which is highly extensible. Though it's written in Java, it can be configured to start in the background when your machine starts, which makes it pop up as fast as any native editor. This makes it ideal regardless of which platform (Linux, Windows, or Mac) you use.
For Markdown, jEdit has a Markdown plugin that can render a Markdown document into HTML, and there's also a syntax highlighting mode file that you can install. The Markdown plugin is available in jEdit's plugin manager, and the mode file can be downloaded from https://github.com/peterlynch/jEdit-modes|Github or http://hasseg.org/blog/post/302/markdown-and-pod-syntax-highlighting-modes-for-jedit.
To install the mode file, copy it into your .jedit/modes folder, and edit the
catalog file which is in the same folder. Add this line to the file, between
the tags:
<MODE NAME="markdown" FILE="markdown.xml" FILE_NAME_GLOB="*.{markdown,md}" />
Save the file and restart jEdit. While editing, you now have syntax highlighting and can preview Markdown files in HTML using the plugin.
If you're going to be doing diffing and merging using jEdit's jdiff plugin, you'll also need to set the width to be narrower than the 120 character default provided by the Markdown mode file. To do this, go to Utilities -> Global Options -> Editing. Under Change Settings for Mode, select Markdown, and then change the Wrap Margin to 80. Of course, make sure also that Word Wrap is set to Soft.
Now you've got a great environment for editing Markdown files.
Next, you should look at our writer's guidelines. This is how we ensure a consistent writing style throughout the documentation.
Rich Sezov (sez11a), Jim Hinkey (jhinkey)