Awesome Assets on Blockchain Sharding Systems
- Sharding aims at dividng the nodes into nodes into different consensus groups that process transactions concurrently.
- A transaction may involve a single shard (called intra-shard transaction) or multiple shards (called cross-shard transaction).
- To process cross-shard transactions, nodes in different shards may communicate with each other.
- Data Layer :
- defines how the ledger is formatted and divided into different shards
- data verification rules are defined in this layer
- Membership Layer :
- Defines how nodes are allocated to different shards.
- Shard allocation algorithms are defined in this layer
- Intra Shard Layer :
- Defines how each shard processes local transactions.
- Leader election and consensus is defined in this layer.
- Cross Shard Layer :
- Defines how shards process cross-shard transactions.
- Concurrency control and atomic commit are defined in this layer.
- Sharding can be broadly classified into the following categories
- State Sharding : Shards communicate with each other through a state, or central, relay
- Partitioned Sharding : Shards don’t communicate with each other directly through a central relay
- Ethereum :
- Beacon chain has implemented sharding. It maintains the set of active, queued and exited validators
- Beacon chain processes cross links and its own block by block consensus as well as a finality gadget
- Polkadot :
- Parachains
- NEAR :
- Ziliqa :