Add JVP/VJP type checking in Catalyst frontend

[joeycarter]

Context: Improve type checking and error messaging in the Catalyst JVP and VJP functions.

Description of the Change: Adds type checking to ensure the following for JVP:

• Number of tangent operands and number of differentiable parameters are equal.
• Data types of function params and tangents arguments are equal.
• Function params and tangent arguments are the same shape.

and for VJP:

• Number of cotangent operands and number of function output parameters are equal.
• Data types of function output params and cotangents arguments are equal.
• Function output params and cotangent arguments are the same shape.

Note that the equivalent type checking is also performed at the MLIR level.

Benefits: Checking functional parameters earlier in the frontend improves error messaging and usability rather than falling back to the MLIR error messages.

Possible Drawbacks: There's a small risk that stricter type checking in the frontend might break backward compatibility if users are calling these functions in unconventional or non-standard ways that are not captured by our unit/integration tests.

Related GitHub Issues:

[rmoyard]

Good job! I would just split the single test into multiple ones

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 97.88%. Comparing base (5b589ec) to head (e96afba).
Report is 207 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1031   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   97.88%   97.88%           
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  Files          75       75           
  Lines       10685    10702   +17     
  Branches     1226     1235    +9     
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+ Hits        10459    10476   +17     
  Misses        177      177           
  Partials       49       49           

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[rmoyard]

@joeycarter Also for the the code factor issue, you can apply black -l 100 on the test file

[rmoyard]

Thanks, great job 💯