v1.8.0

The soul of this release is the full refactoring and updating of the "Code Conventions" chapter:

• All code conventions have been reviewed again, adding missing items and improving the organization of the existing ones
• "Core C+"+ code convention has been fully added
• Mentioned code convention tools like clang-tidy
• All bullet points now have links to the official convention descriptions
• The chapter has been split into two lectures and organized into several subsections to improve the readability

---

Introduction:

• Updated main charts: "C++ popularity" and "compute-trend"

Preparation:

• Books updated: "Professional C++", "Programming and Principles using C++"

Basic Concepts II:

• Improved "Integral data type" section: description of ptrdiff_t, added uintptr_t, added hardware relation with integral arithmetic
• Added saturation arithmetic functions C++26 for integral data types
• Improved signed integer and bitwise operations description

Basic Concepts III:

• Added C++ attributes section
• Moved "namespace" section here and added improvements: using namespace, using declaration in details
• Added alternative syntax for namespace
• Added an example of "using enum" pre-C++20

Basic Concepts IV:

• Fixed "constexpr Function - Limitations" and minor section improvements
• Described the relation between constexpr function and argument lifetime
• Better explanation and more examples for static_cast, reinterpret_cast, const_cast, bit_cast
• Added narrow_cast and "uniform initialization cast"
• Mentioned the behavior of auto within structures
• Mentioned the behavior of constexpr and structure binding
• Described volatile deprecation in C++20
• Moved pointer description before "Heap and Stack"
• Added C++23 type safe placement allocation function

Basic Concepts V:

• Added "Boost Predef" library reference for common macros
• Added template lambda emulation
• Added an example of template lambda without automatic deduction
• Added the relation between lambda expression and function
• Described recursive lambda and lambda within another lambda
• Added C++23 lambda expressions with optional parameters
• Reported GCC 14 flag -fdiagnostics-all-candidates

Object-Oriented Programming II:

• Improved Polymorphism introduction and added "C++ Mechanisms for Polymorphism"

Template and Metaprogramming II:

• Added -Wfatal-errors to "Template Debugging" section

Translation Units II:

• Improved C++ libraries section. Clarified building steps, environment variables, usage, and ABI
• Small improvements in the "compiling multiple translation units" section

Debugging:

• Added Boost::Assert and Boost::stacktrace to assertion section
• Added GWPSan Sampling-based Sanitizer
• Added additional compiler flags to help debugging

Ecosystem:

• Updated the "AI-Powered Code Completion" tools
• Books updated

Utilities:

• Added a section for random number generator for "Recent Algorithms and Performance"
• Improved the seed generation section

Advanced Topics I:

• Fixed type deduction example for array

Optimization I:

• Added new references in the "Introduction" section
• Improved "Arithmetic Intensity" section

Optimization II:

• Added a few notes about loop optimization
• Improved memory alignment section and added C++20 std::assume_aligned
• Fixed C++17 alignment function and added an example
• Updated pragma unroll compiler support
• Added a new reference for hash table comparison
• Added MSVC forceinline attribute and adopted C++11 syntax

Optimization III:

• Added official link to LLVM Bolt project and a new benchmark
• Added a benchmark for "Polyhedral Optimizations"
• Added -fprefetch-loop-arrays optimization flag
• Added userspace governor setting for cpu frequency
• Added "Hash-prospector" as replacement for PRNG
• Added optimized linear and binary search in "External libraries" section
• Added target and target_clones function attributes

Software Design I:

• Refactored "Member Functions vs. Free Functions" -> "Class Design"

---

Thanks for all feedback and contributions: @FisherKKK, @JDRanpariya, @YueLu0116, @luck-tian, @D4arkShad0w, @DYNIO1999, @saveasguy, @leofracca, @Dong-kyu-Lee, @ChoiSeonMun, @viktorteren, @ChoiSeonMun, @Mati-as, @RuimingShen, @abzrg, @xintin, @russkel, @binary-manu

v1.7.0

A huge thank you to all the contributors who are helping to make this course better and better day by day: @jakeheke75, @guoci, @leofracca, @ChenMiaoi, @AlanDeSmet, @indraneel-mondal, @Yuppdivyaj, @BiradarMayur2509, @Ali-Sda, @eltociear, @freakynit, @Wheest, @VaibhavSaraf, @LuccaT95, @ilovexyz, @kushnaryo8, @liyixin123, @Ingerdev, @eugenefil, @binary-manu, @dijkstracula, @arnimarj

General Improvements:

• Subsections now point to the right page
• Switched to TexLive2024
• Moved the first part of Basic Concepts I in a new lecture "Preparation"
• Provided the first draft of "Software Design" lectures

Introduction:

• Updated the book section
• Added language performance benchmarking
• Added a new quote on learning
• Added new references to Rust, including "Secure by Design: Google’s Perspective on Memory Safety"
• Added Cobol example to "Why Switching to a New Language is Hard?"

Preparation:

• Added the Zed editor
• Added C++23/26 compiler flags

Basic Concepts I:

• Added a new section about the C++ type system
• Minor improvements for the "Fundamental Types" section

Basic Concepts II:

• Added a couple of undefined behavior examples for integral types
• Added a new example of mixing signed/unsigned error (Chandler Carruth, CppCon 2016)
• Described the special value behavior for floating-point
• Added floating-point undefined behavior
• Slightly expanded the floating-point arithmetic properties section

Basic Concepts III:

• Added a [[deprecated]] attribute section
• Added C++26 auto _ unused variable

Basic Concepts IV:

• Improved initialization section, especially brace-initialization
• Added an example of undefined behavior for initialization
• Described undefined behavior for pointer arithmetic
• Improved the "sizeof" section
• Described the [[no_unique_address]] section
• Improved constexpr limitations section
• Added static keyword within constexpr functions C++23

Basic Concepts V:

• Added another examples of common macro problems

Object-Oriented Programming I:

• Slightly improved the copy constructor introduction

Object-Oriented Programming II:

• Improved "Object Layout" section

Templates and Meta-Programming I:

• Added C++26 static_assert with formatting
• Improved "Implicit Template Instantiation" section, thanks to @gouci
• Added a subsection related to "Template Instantiation"

Templates and Meta-Programming II:

• Improved the "variadic template" section + two more examples
• Added an example of variadic template applied to types
• Added two notes about function SFINAE limitations
• Removed "Class + Function" SFINAE
• Improved CTAD introduction

Debugging and Testing (previously Ecosystem I):

• Improved "Undefined Behavior Sanitizer" section
• Created a new section "Hardening Techniques"
• Added compiler warnings for Windows
• Improved the "static analysis" section and added msvc /analyse
• Added a new example of Cost of Software Defects
• Minor improved to the "Program Errors" section

Ecosystem:

• Removed Kite
• Added ugrep

Code Conventions:

• Improved the Naming section
• Described how to use clang-tidy to enforce a naming style
• Reorganized code convention list
• Added a personal comment on West/East notation

Utilities:

• Move std::span to this lecture
• Improved the "Time Measuring" section

Iterators, Containers, and Algorithms:

• Added a common error of iterator usage

Advanced Concepts I:

• Improved the "Undefined Behavior" section

Advanced Concepts II:

• Added Trivial infinite loop undefined behavior
• Added the reference "Enumerating Core Undefined Behavior"
• Added "Return Code", "Return Code and Exception Summary", and "std::expected" to "Recoverable Error Handing" section

Performance Optimizations I:

• Reformulated the "Basic Architecture Concepts" section
• Added "core-to-core latency and threads affinity" section
• Added Poisson solver complexity over time in the Moore's Law Limitations section
• Added Arm64 cache line size
• Added "Memory Ordering Model" section

Performance Optimizations II:

• Better explanation of loop unswitching
• Added assertion optimization example
• Improved data alignment section
• Better explanation of signed integer optimization and added an example
• Added a note related to stack data structure
• Improved function attribute section
• Improved function call section

Performance Optimizations III:

• Added ARM reference for BOLT optimization
• Added -fopt-info to compiler optimization flags
• Added -fassociative-math to floating point optimization flags
• Added Abseil and Frozen to std data structures replacement

v1.6.0

First of all, THANK YOU TO EVERYONE FOR YOUR INTEREST IN THIS COURSE. In the last few weeks, the course jumped from 1K to 7.6K stars ✨ 🙏

Credit to @kimsoohwan, @Zitrax, @f9rocket, @saw-lau, @mostafacs, @platypusguy, @raymondmdang, @jesustorresdev, @HaloWang, @66hash, @abzrg, @csukuangfj, @jakeheke75, @amirkhaki, @fabrizio-ottati, @dsardelic, @akobyl for pointing me out several mistakes and typos

Introduction:

• Add a new section for C++ alternatives: Rust, Zig, Why switching to a new language is hard?
• Moved books to the related sections
• Updated and simplified "Who I Am" section

Basic Concepts I:

• Added emacs, helix, lapce, neovim editors
• Added IEEE 128/256-bit floating point formats
• Added std::print
• Added text version of logical operators

Basic Concepts II:

• Improved unsigned/signed section
• Improved C++ Data Model section

Basic Concepts III:

• Minor improvements to "Declaration/Definition" section

Basic Concepts IV:

• Improved "Source Location Macros" section
• Improved "Avoid Unused Variable Warning" section

Basic Concepts V:

• Minor improvements to Function Attributes
• Better explanation and separation of "Source Location Macros" section

Object-Oriented Programming I:

• Improved "const keyword" section

Templates and Meta-programming II:

• Added "Constructor Template Automatic Deduction (CTAD)" section

Code Conventions:

• Added Marissa Mayer quote
• Added some notes about code verbosity
• Separated "Use fixed-width integer type rule" between Google and Unreal

Ecosystem I:

• Added new memory vulnerability references
• Added "Modern CMake for C++" book

Utilities:

• Added std::stacktrace library
• Removed std::byte

Containers, Iterators, Ranges, and Algorithms:

• Moved "Iterator categories" in the introduction for a better overview

Optimizations I:

• Added "Sqrt(N) for memory latency" notes

Optimizations II:

• Better description of vectorization and =default

v1.5.0

Split "Basic Concepts I" into two sets of slides to better separate the topics and improve the readability.

Basic Concepts II:

• Added a new reference on how to compare signed and unsigned integers in C++20
• Added a new reference for posit representation
• Added a new reference for microscaling MX floating point formats

Object Oriented Programming II:

• fix typo related to swap semantic #11 . Thanks to @kimsoohwan

Code Conventions:

• Minor improvements to "macro and preprocessing" section
• Added Std naming convention where missing
• Improve "brace initializer list" section

Performance Optimziation II:

• Improved Functions inlining section, added relation with linkage

v1.4.3

Basic Concepts I

• Improved Operators Precedence Table
• Minor improvements for floating point section

Basic Concepts III

• Added if constexpr pitfalls
• Added volatile keyword
• Improved struct and union section
• Fixed C++17 out-of-range assignment to enum

Basic Concepts IV

• Fixed typos #10, thanks to @kimsoohwan

Object Oriented I

• Added physical vs. logical state notes of struct/class
• Improved Access specifiers section
• Simplified the ''Most Vexing Parse" problem section

Object Oriented II

• Improve overview of operator overloading

Translation Units II

• Typo fixing

Code Convention

• Reorganized/improved Project Organization section
• Added references to column limit note

Ecosystem I

• Added Unit/Functional test explanation

Advanced Topics I

• Improved ref-qualifiers overloading section + volatile overloading

Advanced Topics II

• Improved undefined behavior section and added examples of Function evaluation ordering and Signed overflow

Optimization I

• Added Moore's Law Limitations and refactoring

Optimizations II

• Improved Operations section, add logic vs. bitwise evaluation

Optimization III

• Improved cache behavior section
• Added multi-threads considerations
• Improved benchmarking section: added Instruction order issue and actual values vs. power consumption
• Improved optmization flags section: added windows equivalent, -Oz, -mfma, instruction set flags
• Added -fno-signaling-nans

v1.4.2

Basic Concepts I

• Added C++23 floating-point types: range, suffix, prefix
• Added ptrdiff_t
• Minor improvements

Basic Concepts II

• Minor improvements

Basic Concepts III

• Added West, East notation for const
• Improved constexpr section and explained the behavior of the keyword within a structure
• Added C++23 if consteval

Basic Concepts IV

• Added Overloading and =delete section
• Added consteval lambda example
• Added [[nodiscard]] attribute
• Added C++23 conditional preprocessing

Object-Oriented Programming I

• Added "Defaulted Constructors, Destructor, and Operators" section

Object-Oriented Programming II

• Added C++23 Multidimensional Subscript Operator
• Added C++23 static operator()

Templates and Metaprogramming I

• Improved using keyword section
• Simplified the type traits section

Templates and Metaprogramming II

• Minor improvements

Code Conventions

• Minor improvements

Ecosystem I

• Improved debugging introduction including the explanation of "Errors, Defects, and Failures", "Cost of Software Defects", "Types of Software Defects"

Ecosystem II

• Added hypergrep tool

Utilities

• Added C++23 std::print
• Removed redundant code

Advances Topics II

• Added dangling reference undefined behavior

Performance Optimizations I

• Update Memory Hierarchy numbers
• Update Memory Hierarchy figure

Performance Optimizations II

• Added C++23 std::unreachable()
• Added "Std Library and Other Language Aspects" section (partially moved from Optimizations III)

v1.4.1

Basic Concepts I

• Fixed char properties in C++11 #8
• Minor improvements in the undefined behavior section

Basic Concepts III

• Added a note to highlight that arrays of size 0 are not allowed by the standard (except gcc)

Object-Oriented Programming I

• Improved explicit keyword section

Translation Units I

• Improved Linkage Summary section

Code Convention

• Improved and refactoring the sections Maintainability, Naming, Readability and Formatting

Ecosystem I

• Improved gdb info command description
• Added _FORTIFY_SOURCE=3 in stack protection section
• Improved Unit Testing introduction
• Add Test-Driven Development description
• Extended Code Coverage to llvm-lcov

Optimization I

• Added apollo computer vs. usb-c comparison
• Add Single Instruction Multiple Threads (SIMT) section
• Added Jonh Carmark note about memory hierarchy

Optimization II

• Added Memory Prefetch section

Thanks to @marcobergamin

v1.4.0

• Split "Translation Units", "Ecosystem", and "Advanced Concepts" chapters for better readability
• Added 8-bit floating-point to "Basic Concepts I"

v1.3.0

List of changes:

Introduction:

• Updated C++ timeline, Tiobe index, Redmonk index
• Improved "Why C++ is so Popular?"
• Added "C++ Weakness" section
• Update/fixed book references
• Added course slide legend

Basic Concepts I:

• Added NASA PI note
• Fixes #5 (used ! as escape char)

Basic Concepts II:

• Fixes #6 (wrong array size)

Basic Concepts III:

• Fixes malloc returns NULL for zero-size allocations
• Added "Non-Allocating Placement section", "Non-Throwing Allocation", "Constants and Literals" sections
• Refactored "Structure Initialization"
• Add a note for virtual + constexpr usage in C++20

Basic Concepts IV:

• Fixed #6, wrong lambda return

Object-Oriented Programming I:

• Moved struct initialization to "Basic Concepts III"
• Improved = default implications
• Improved/refactored static keyword section

Object-Oriented Programming II:

• Fixes #6, downcast variables

Template and Meta-programming I:

• Refactoring, especially "Template Parameter Types"

Template and Meta-programming II:

• Improved "Template Class Constructor" section

Translation Units:

• Added "Linkage of const and constexpr variables" section
• Simplified "Linkage Summary"
• Better explanation of ODR - Point 3 with improved inline, template, constexpr descriptions

C++ Ecosystem:

• Added a quote about maintenance effort
• Updated valgrind version
• Removed gcc detailed warnings section

Advanced Topics:

• Improve "Universal reference" section
• Minor fixes for "Smart pointer" section

Performance Optimization I:

• Added John Carmak note
• Added "page thrashing" description
• Moved "Spatial Locality" and "Temporal Locality" details to Performance Optimization II

Performance Optimization II:

• Added "Compiler Hints - [assume]
• Minor improvements to "Arguments passing" section
• Added __attribute__(pure) and __attribute__(const) descriptions
• Added a few notes to "Object Dynamic Behavior Optimizations", e.g. virtual implications

Performance Optimization III:

• Minor improvements to "Help the Compiler to Produce Better Code"
• Added "Post-Processing Binary Optimizer" section

v1.2.0

Major changes:

• Added C++20 Concepts section
• Added C++20 Modules section
• Added C++20 Ranges section
• Added Metric Evaluation section (Performance Optimization III)

Other changes:

• Basic Concept I: Added C++20 Safe Comparison Operators
• Basic Concept II: Improved enum class features section
• Basic Concept III: Improved Allocation/Deallocation Properties section
• Basic Concept IV: Added [[maybe_unused]] attribute
• Object-Oriented Programming I: Added [[nodiscard]] and Classes section
• Object-Oriented Programming II: Improved Aggregate section
• Templates and Meta-Programming I: Fixed decltype behavior
• Translation Units: Introduced Attributes for Namespace
• Ecosystem: Added GitHub Copilot