app-anatomy.md

Anatomy of a Cosmos SDK Application

This document describes the core parts of a Cosmos SDK application. Throughout the document, a placeholder application named app will be used. {synopsis}

Node Client

The Daemon, or Full-Node Client, is the core process of a Cosmos SDK-based blockchain. Participants in the network run this process to initialize their state-machine, connect with other full-nodes and update their state-machine as new blocks come in.

                ^  +-------------------------------+  ^
                |  |                               |  |
                |  |  State-machine = Application  |  |
                |  |                               |  |   Built with Cosmos SDK
                |  |            ^      +           |  |
                |  +----------- | ABCI | ----------+  v
                |  |            +      v           |  ^
                |  |                               |  |
Blockchain Node |  |           Consensus           |  |
                |  |                               |  |
                |  +-------------------------------+  |   Tendermint Core
                |  |                               |  |
                |  |           Networking          |  |
                |  |                               |  |
                v  +-------------------------------+  v

The blockchain full-node presents itself as a binary, generally suffixed by -d for "daemon" (e.g. appd for app or gaiad for gaia). This binary is built by running a simple main.go function placed in ./cmd/appd/. This operation usually happens through the Makefile.

Once the main binary is built, the node can be started by running the start command. This command function primarily does three things:

1. Create an instance of the state-machine defined in app.go.
2. Initialize the state-machine with the latest known state, extracted from the db stored in the ~/.app/data folder. At this point, the state-machine is at height appBlockHeight.
3. Create and start a new Tendermint instance. Among other things, the node will perform a handshake with its peers. It will get the latest blockHeight from them, and replay blocks to sync to this height if it is greater than the local appBlockHeight. If appBlockHeight is 0, the node is starting from genesis and Tendermint sends an InitChain message via the ABCI to the app, which triggers the InitChainer.

Core Application File

In general, the core of the state-machine is defined in a file called app.go. It mainly contains the type definition of the application and functions to create and initialize it.

Type Definition of the Application

The first thing defined in app.go is the type of the application. It is generally comprised of the following parts:

• A reference to baseapp. The custom application defined in app.go is an extension of baseapp. When a transaction is relayed by Tendermint to the application, app uses baseapp's methods to route them to the appropriate module. baseapp implements most of the core logic for the application, including all the ABCI methods and the routing logic.
• A list of store keys. The store, which contains the entire state, is implemented as a multistore (i.e. a store of stores) in the Cosmos SDK. Each module uses one or multiple stores in the multistore to persist their part of the state. These stores can be accessed with specific keys that are declared in the app type. These keys, along with the keepers, are at the heart of the object-capabilities model of the Cosmos SDK.
• A list of module's keepers. Each module defines an abstraction called keeper, which handles reads and writes for this module's store(s). The keeper's methods of one module can be called from other modules (if authorized), which is why they are declared in the application's type and exported as interfaces to other modules so that the latter can only access the authorized functions.
• A reference to an appCodec. The application's appCodec is used to serialize and deserialize data structures in order to store them, as stores can only persist []bytes. The default codec is Protocol Buffers.
• A reference to a legacyAmino codec. Some parts of the Cosmos SDK have not been migrated to use the appCodec above, and are still hardcoded to use Amino. Other parts explicity use Amino for backwards compatibility. For these reasons, the application still holds a reference to the legacy Amino codec. Please note that the Amino codec will be removed from the SDK in the upcoming releases.
• A reference to a module manager and a basic module manager. The module manager is an object that contains a list of the application's module. It facilitates operations related to these modules, like registering their Msg service and gRPC Query service, or setting the order of execution between modules for various functions like InitChainer, BeginBlocker and EndBlocker.

See an example of application type definition from simapp, the Cosmos SDK's own app used for demo and testing purposes:

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/simapp/app.go#L151-L193

Constructor Function

This function constructs a new application of the type defined in the section above. It must fulfill the AppCreator signature in order to be used in the start command of the application's daemon command.

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/server/types/app.go#L57-L59

Here are the main actions performed by this function:

• Instantiate a new codec and initialize the codec of each of the application's module using the basic manager
• Instantiate a new application with a reference to a baseapp instance, a codec and all the appropriate store keys.
• Instantiate all the keepers defined in the application's type using the NewKeeper function of each of the application's modules. Note that keepers must be instantiated in the correct order, as the NewKeeper of one module might require a reference to another module's keeper.
• Instantiate the application's module manager with the AppModule object of each of the application's modules.
• With the module manager, initialize the application's Msg services, gRPC Query services, legacy Msg routes and legacy query routes. When a transaction is relayed to the application by Tendermint via the ABCI, it is routed to the appropriate module's Msg service using the routes defined here. Likewise, when a gRPC query request is received by the application, it is routed to the appropriate module's gRPC query service using the gRPC routes defined here. The Cosmos SDK still supports legacy Msgs and legacy Tendermint queries, which are routed using respectively the legacy Msg routes and the legacy query routes.
• With the module manager, register the application's modules' invariants. Invariants are variables (e.g. total supply of a token) that are evaluated at the end of each block. The process of checking invariants is done via a special module called the InvariantsRegistry. The value of the invariant should be equal to a predicted value defined in the module. Should the value be different than the predicted one, special logic defined in the invariant registry will be triggered (usually the chain is halted). This is useful to make sure no critical bug goes unnoticed and produces long-lasting effects that would be hard to fix.
• With the module manager, set the order of execution between the InitGenesis, BeginBlocker and EndBlocker functions of each of the application's modules. Note that not all modules implement these functions.
• Set the remainder of application's parameters:
  • InitChainer: used to initialize the application when it is first started.
  • BeginBlocker, EndBlocker: called at the beginning and the end of every block).
  • anteHandler: used to handle fees and signature verification.
• Mount the stores.
• Return the application.

Note that this function only creates an instance of the app, while the actual state is either carried over from the ~/.app/data folder if the node is restarted, or generated from the genesis file if the node is started for the first time.

See an example of application constructor from simapp:

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/simapp/app.go#L204-L474

InitChainer

The InitChainer is a function that initializes the state of the application from a genesis file (i.e. token balances of genesis accounts). It is called when the application receives the InitChain message from the Tendermint engine, which happens when the node is started at appBlockHeight == 0 (i.e. on genesis). The application must set the InitChainer in its constructor via the SetInitChainer method.

In general, the InitChainer is mostly composed of the InitGenesis function of each of the application's modules. This is done by calling the InitGenesis function of the module manager, which in turn will call the InitGenesis function of each of the modules it contains. Note that the order in which the modules' InitGenesis functions must be called has to be set in the module manager using the module manager's SetOrderInitGenesis method. This is done in the application's constructor, and the SetOrderInitGenesis has to be called before the SetInitChainer.

See an example of an InitChainer from simapp:

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/simapp/app.go#L524-L532

BeginBlocker and EndBlocker

The Cosmos SDK offers developers the possibility to implement automatic execution of code as part of their application. This is implemented through two function called BeginBlocker and EndBlocker. They are called when the application receives respectively the BeginBlock and EndBlock messages from the Tendermint engine, which happens at the beginning and at the end of each block. The application must set the BeginBlocker and EndBlocker in its constructor via the SetBeginBlocker and SetEndBlocker methods.

In general, the BeginBlocker and EndBlocker functions are mostly composed of the BeginBlock and EndBlock functions of each of the application's modules. This is done by calling the BeginBlock and EndBlock functions of the module manager, which in turn will call the BeginBlock and EndBlock functions of each of the modules it contains. Note that the order in which the modules' BeginBlock and EndBlock functions must be called has to be set in the module manager using the SetOrderBeginBlockers and SetOrderEndBlockers methods respectively. This is done via the module manager in the application's constructor, and the SetOrderBeginBlockers and SetOrderEndBlockers methods have to be called before the SetBeginBlocker and SetEndBlocker functions.

As a sidenote, it is important to remember that application-specific blockchains are deterministic. Developers must be careful not to introduce non-determinism in BeginBlocker or EndBlocker, and must also be careful not to make them too computationally expensive, as gas does not constrain the cost of BeginBlocker and EndBlocker execution.

See an example of BeginBlocker and EndBlocker functions from simapp

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/simapp/app.go#L514-L522

Register Codec

The EncodingConfig structure is the last important part of the app.go file. The goal of this structure is to define the codecs that will be used throughout the app.

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/simapp/params/encoding.go#L9-L16

Here are descriptions of what each of the four fields means:

• InterfaceRegistry: The InterfaceRegistry is used by the Protobuf codec to handle interfaces that are encoded and decoded (we also say "unpacked") using google.protobuf.Any. Any could be thought as a struct that contains a type_url (name of a concrete type implementing the interface) and a value (its encoded bytes). InterfaceRegistry provides a mechanism for registering interfaces and implementations that can be safely unpacked from Any. Each of the application's modules implements the RegisterInterfaces method that can be used to register the module's own interfaces and implementations.
  • You can read more about Any in ADR-19.
  • To go more into details, the Cosmos SDK uses an implementation of the Protobuf specification called gogoprotobuf. By default, the gogo protobuf implementation of Any uses global type registration to decode values packed in Any into concrete Go types. This introduces a vulnerability where any malicious module in the dependency tree could register a type with the global protobuf registry and cause it to be loaded and unmarshaled by a transaction that referenced it in the type_url field. For more information, please refer to ADR-019.
• Codec: the default codec used throughout the Cosmos SDK. It is composed of a BinaryCodec used to encode and decode state, and a JSONCodec used to output data to the users (for example in the CLI). By default, the SDK uses Protobuf as Codec.
• TxConfig: TxConfig defines an interface a client can utilize to generate an application-defined concrete transaction type. Currently, the SDK handles two transaction types: SIGN_MODE_DIRECT (which uses Protobuf binary as over-the-wire encoding) and SIGN_MODE_LEGACY_AMINO_JSON (which depends on Amino). Read more about transactions here.
• Amino: Some legacy parts of the Cosmos SDK still use Amino for backwards-compatibility. Each module exposes a RegisterLegacyAmino method to register the module's specific types within Amino. This Amino codec should not be used by app developers anymore, and will be removed in future releases.

The Cosmos SDK exposes a MakeTestEncodingConfig function used to create a EncodingConfig for the app constructor (NewApp). It uses Protobuf as a default Codec.

NOTE: This function is deprecated and should only be used to create an app or in tests.

See an example of a MakeTestEncodingConfig from simapp:

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/simapp/encoding.go#L8-L19

Modules

Modules are the heart and soul of Cosmos SDK applications. They can be considered as state-machines nested within the state-machine. When a transaction is relayed from the underlying Tendermint engine via the ABCI to the application, it is routed by baseapp to the appropriate module in order to be processed. This paradigm enables developers to easily build complex state-machines, as most of the modules they need often already exist. For developers, most of the work involved in building a Cosmos SDK application revolves around building custom modules required by their application that do not exist yet, and integrating them with modules that do already exist into one coherent application. In the application directory, the standard practice is to store modules in the x/ folder (not to be confused with the Cosmos SDK's x/ folder, which contains already-built modules).

Application Module Interface

Modules must implement interfaces defined in the Cosmos SDK, AppModuleBasic and AppModule. The former implements basic non-dependent elements of the module, such as the codec, while the latter handles the bulk of the module methods (including methods that require references to other modules' keepers). Both the AppModule and AppModuleBasic types are, by convention, defined in a file called module.go.

AppModule exposes a collection of useful methods on the module that facilitates the composition of modules into a coherent application. These methods are called from the module manager, which manages the application's collection of modules.

Msg Services

Each module defines two Protobuf services: one Msg service to handle messages, and one gRPC Query service to handle queries. If we consider the module as a state-machine, then a Msg service is a set of state transition RPC methods. Each Protobuf Msg service method is 1:1 related to a Protobuf request type, which must implement sdk.Msg interface. Note that sdk.Msgs are bundled in transactions, and each transaction contains one or multiple messages.

When a valid block of transactions is received by the full-node, Tendermint relays each one to the application via DeliverTx. Then, the application handles the transaction:

1. Upon receiving the transaction, the application first unmarshalls it from []byte.
2. Then, it verifies a few things about the transaction like fee payment and signatures before extracting the Msg(s) contained in the transaction.
3. sdk.Msgs are encoded using Protobuf Anys. By analyzing each Any's type_url, baseapp's msgServiceRouter routes the sdk.Msg to the corresponding module's Msg service.
4. If the message is successfully processed, the state is updated.

For a more details look at a transaction lifecycle.

Module developers create custom Msg services when they build their own module. The general practice is to define the Msg Protobuf service in a tx.proto file. For example, the x/bank module defines a service with two methods to transfer tokens:

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/cosmos-sdk/blob/v0.46.0-rc1/proto/cosmos/bank/v1beta1/tx.proto#L12-L19

Service methods use keeper in order to update the module state.

Each module should also implement the RegisterServices method as part of the AppModule interface. This method should call the RegisterMsgServer function provided by the generated Protobuf code.

gRPC Query Services

gRPC Query services allows users to query the state using gRPC. They are enabled by default, and can be configured under the grpc.enable and grpc.address fields inside app.toml.

gRPC Query services are defined in the module's Protobuf definition files, specifically inside query.proto. The query.proto definition file exposes a single Query Protobuf service. Each gRPC query endpoint corresponds to a service method, starting with the rpc keyword, inside the Query service.

Protobuf generates a QueryServer interface for each module, containing all the service methods. A module's keeper then needs to implement this QueryServer interface, by providing the concrete implementation of each service method. This concrete implementation is the handler of the corresponding gRPC query endpoint.

Finally, each module should also implement the RegisterServices method as part of the AppModule interface. This method should call the RegisterQueryServer function provided by the generated Protobuf code.

Keeper

Keepers are the gatekeepers of their module's store(s). To read or write in a module's store, it is mandatory to go through one of its keeper's methods. This is ensured by the object-capabilities model of the Cosmos SDK. Only objects that hold the key to a store can access it, and only the module's keeper should hold the key(s) to the module's store(s).

Keepers are generally defined in a file called keeper.go. It contains the keeper's type definition and methods.

The keeper type definition generally consists of:

• Key(s) to the module's store(s) in the multistore.
• Reference to other module's keepers. Only needed if the keeper needs to access other module's store(s) (either to read or write from them).
• A reference to the application's codec. The keeper needs it to marshal structs before storing them, or to unmarshal them when it retrieves them, because stores only accept []bytes as value.

Along with the type definition, the next important component of the keeper.go file is the keeper's constructor function, NewKeeper. This function instantiates a new keeper of the type defined above, with a codec, store keys and potentially references to other modules' keepers as parameters. The NewKeeper function is called from the application's constructor. The rest of the file defines the keeper's methods, primarily getters and setters.

Command-Line, gRPC Services and REST Interfaces

Each module defines command-line commands, gRPC services and REST routes to be exposed to end-user via the application's interfaces. This enables end-users to create messages of the types defined in the module, or to query the subset of the state managed by the module.

CLI

Generally, the commands related to a module are defined in a folder called client/cli in the module's folder. The CLI divides commands in two category, transactions and queries, defined in client/cli/tx.go and client/cli/query.go respectively. Both commands are built on top of the Cobra Library:

• Transactions commands let users generate new transactions so that they can be included in a block and eventually update the state. One command should be created for each message type defined in the module. The command calls the constructor of the message with the parameters provided by the end-user, and wraps it into a transaction. The Cosmos SDK handles signing and the addition of other transaction metadata.
• Queries let users query the subset of the state defined by the module. Query commands forward queries to the application's query router, which routes them to the appropriate querier the queryRoute parameter supplied.

gRPC

gRPC is a modern open-source high performance RPC framework that has support in multiple languages. It is the recommended way for external clients (such as wallets, browsers and other backend services) to interact with a node.

Each module can expose gRPC endpoints, called service methods and are defined in the module's Protobuf query.proto file. A service method is defined by its name, input arguments and output response. The module then needs to:

• define a RegisterGRPCGatewayRoutes method on AppModuleBasic to wire the client gRPC requests to the correct handler inside the module.
• for each service method, define a corresponding handler. The handler implements the core logic necessary to serve the gRPC request, and is located in the keeper/grpc_query.go file.

gRPC-gateway REST Endpoints

Some external clients may not wish to use gRPC. The Cosmos SDK provides in this case a gRPC gateway service, which exposes each gRPC service as a correspoding REST endpoint. Please refer to the grpc-gateway documentation to learn more.

The REST endpoints are defined in the Protobuf files, along with the gRPC services, using Protobuf annotations. Modules that want to expose REST queries should add google.api.http annotations to their rpc methods. By default, all REST endpoints defined in the SDK have an URL starting with the /cosmos/ prefix.

The Cosmos SDK also provides a development endpoint to generate Swagger definition files for these REST endpoints. This endpoint can be enabled inside the app.toml config file, under the api.swagger key.

Application Interface

Interfaces let end-users interact with full-node clients. This means querying data from the full-node or creating and sending new transactions to be relayed by the full-node and eventually included in a block.

The main interface is the Command-Line Interface. The CLI of a Cosmos SDK application is built by aggregating CLI commands defined in each of the modules used by the application. The CLI of an application is the same as the daemon (e.g. appd), and defined in a file called appd/main.go. The file contains:

• A main() function, which is executed to build the appd interface client. This function prepares each command and adds them to the rootCmd before building them. At the root of appd, the function adds generic commands like status, keys and config, query commands, tx commands and rest-server.
• Query commands are added by calling the queryCmd function. This function returns a Cobra command that contains the query commands defined in each of the application's modules (passed as an array of sdk.ModuleClients from the main() function), as well as some other lower level query commands such as block or validator queries. Query command are called by using the command appd query [query] of the CLI.
• Transaction commands are added by calling the txCmd function. Similar to queryCmd, the function returns a Cobra command that contains the tx commands defined in each of the application's modules, as well as lower level tx commands like transaction signing or broadcasting. Tx commands are called by using the command appd tx [tx] of the CLI.

See an example of an application's main command-line file from the Cosmos Hub

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/gaia/blob/Theta-main/cmd/gaiad/cmd/root.go#L39-L77

Dependencies and Makefile

::: warning A patch introduced in go-grpc v1.34.0 made gRPC incompatible with the gogoproto library, making some gRPC queries panic. As such, the Cosmos SDK requires that go-grpc <=v1.33.2 is installed in your go.mod.

To make sure that gRPC is working properly, it is highly recommended to add the following line in your application's go.mod:

replace google.golang.org/grpc => google.golang.org/grpc v1.33.2

Please see issue #8392 for more info. :::

This section is optional, as developers are free to choose their dependency manager and project building method. That said, the current most used framework for versioning control is go.mod. It ensures each of the libraries used throughout the application are imported with the correct version.

Below, the go.mod of the Cosmos Hub is provided as an example.

+++ https://github.com/cosmos/gaia/blob/Theta-main/go.mod#L1-L20

For building the application, a Makefile is generally used. The Makefile primarily ensures that the go.mod is run before building the two entrypoints to the application, appd and appd.

Here is an example of the Cosmos Hub Makefile.

Next {hide}

Learn more about the Lifecycle of a transaction {hide}