golang: bump Go version to 1.23.3-1

[microsoft-golang-bot]

Hi! 👋 I'm the Microsoft Go team's bot. This is an automated pull request I generated to bump the Go version to 1.23.3-1.

I'm not able to run the Azure Linux pipelines yet, so the Microsoft Go release runner will need to finalize this PR.

Finalization steps:

• Trigger Source Tarball Publishing with:
  Full Name:

  go1.23.3-20241107.5.src.tar.gz
  

  URL:

  https://github.com/microsoft/go/releases/download/v1.23.3-1/go1.23.3-20241107.5.src.tar.gz
  

• Trigger the Buddy Build with:
  First field:

  PR-10979
  

  Core spec:

  golang
  

• Post a PR comment with the URL of the triggered Buddy Build.
• Mark this draft PR as ready for review.

Thanks!

[dagood]

Buddy build: https://dev.azure.com/mariner-org/mariner/_build/results?buildId=671519&view=results