[c++] Fix sanitizer flags and move from an option to a config type

[jp-dark]

The builds using the SANITIZER option were missing the linker flags necessary to build. This PR adds those back in and moves enabling sanitizers to a config option. The new build types are enabled:

• ASAN: address sanitizer
• TSAN: thread sanitizer
• LSAN: leak sanitizer
• MSAN: memory sanitizer
• UBSAN: undefined-behavior sanitizer

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 83.30%. Comparing base (2875f7d) to head (2366932).
Report is 13 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #3150      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   82.43%   83.30%   +0.87%     
==========================================
  Files          50       51       +1     
  Lines        5209     5458     +249     
==========================================
+ Hits         4294     4547     +253     
+ Misses        915      911       -4     

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	83.30% <ø> (+0.87%)	⬆️

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Components	Coverage Δ
python_api	83.30% <ø> (+0.87%)	⬆️
libtiledbsoma	∅ <ø> (∅)

[johnkerl]

LGTM as long as the sanitizer is sanitizing

I defer to @nguyenv here ...

[johnkerl]

LGTM as long as the sanitizer is sanitizing

I defer to @nguyenv here ...

[teo-tsirpanis]

It might have been cleaner if the sanitizer was an option separate from the config, and either accept that it will work only in Debug mode, or enforce it by setting CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES to only Debug.

[jp-dark]

sc-53780