Rework Druid image to use a builder step and apply all around best practices

[lfrancke]

Description

This is similar to the recent PRs for Hadoop and Airflow

• It splits up building in two steps which saves a bit of space in the final image and makes the Dockerfile more readable (don't care about number of layers in intermediate builder)
• It adds --fail to all curl commands to fail if a download fails
• Sets environment variables

Definition of Done Checklist

• Not all of these items are applicable to all PRs, the author should update this template to only leave the boxes in that are relevant
• Please make sure all these things are done and tick the boxes

Tasks

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1. Changes are OpenShift compatible
2. All added packages (via microdnf or otherwise) have a comment on why they are added
3. Things not downloaded from Red Hat repositories should be mirrored in the Stackable repository and downloaded from there
4. All packages should have (if available) signatures/hashes verified
5. Does your change affect an SBOM? Make sure to update all SBOMs