"Big” geospatial data

• Most sets of geographic features are modest: thousands to millions in size. But...
• Increasing spatial resolution is changing this: e.g. National Hydro Datasets Medium Res -> ~3M reaches, High Res -> ~30M reaches. Similar for gridded data, e.g. 10m DEM -> 1m Lidar-based 3DEP increases volume 100x.
• Time is changing this: multiple observations and predictions for multiple feature properties quickly combine into billions of records.
• Traditional GIS software struggles to access and visualize, let alone analyze such scales and structures of datasets.
• Datasets with 1-100 billion records are becoming common in academic, business, and government domains