*: add metadata lock when using the plan cache (#51897)

[ti-chi-bot]

This is an automated cherry-pick of #51897

What problem does this PR solve?

Issue Number: close #51407

Problem Summary:
When executing the prepared statement from the plan cache, tidb doesn't add the metadata lock, which may cause data-index inconsistency.

What changed and how does it work?

1. Collect the related table information when PREPARE.
2. Add metadata lock during planCachePreprocess. If the schema is changed, can't use the cache plan anymore.

Check List

Tests

• Unit test
• Integration test
• Manual test (add detailed scripts or steps below)
• No need to test

  • I checked and no code files have been changed.

Side effects

• Performance regression: Consumes more CPU
• Performance regression: Consumes more Memory
• Breaking backward compatibility

Documentation

• Affects user behaviors
• Contains syntax changes
• Contains variable changes
• Contains experimental features
• Changes MySQL compatibility

Release note

Please refer to Release Notes Language Style Guide to write a quality release note.

fix a bug that metadata lock is missing when using the plan cache

[ti-chi-bot]

[LGTM Timeline notifier]

Timeline:

• 2024-04-28 09:25:12.779512482 +0000 UTC m=+176466.536648050: ☑️ agreed by tangenta.
• 2024-04-28 09:25:30.333654055 +0000 UTC m=+176484.090789625: ☑️ agreed by qw4990.

[Benjamin2037]

LGTM

[ti-chi-bot]

[APPROVALNOTIFIER] This PR is APPROVED

This pull-request has been approved by: Benjamin2037, qw4990, tangenta

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Needs approval from an approver in each of these files:

• OWNERS [Benjamin2037,qw4990,tangenta]
• pkg/ddl/OWNERS [Benjamin2037,tangenta]
• pkg/domain/OWNERS [tangenta]
• pkg/meta/OWNERS [Benjamin2037,tangenta]
• pkg/parser/OWNERS [tangenta]

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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 82.89474% with 13 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

❗ No coverage uploaded for pull request base (release-8.1@7d912d9). Click here to learn what that means.

Additional details and impacted files

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##             release-8.1     #52955   +/-   ##
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Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	71.4194% <82.8947%> (?)

Flags with carried forward coverage won't be shown. Click here to find out more.

Components	Coverage Δ
dumpling	53.9957% <0.0000%> (?)
parser	∅ <0.0000%> (?)
br	40.9685% <0.0000%> (?)

[wjhuang2016]

/retest